Unit 3 - Cell Processes and Energy (sab)

Active Transport

the movement of particles from low to high concentration (against the concentration gradient); requires ATP/energy

Aerobic Respiration

A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate ATP

Alcoholic Fermentation

anaerobic respiration that makes 2 ATP from each glucose molecule, carbon dioxide, and alcohol; carried out by yeast and bacteria

Anaerobic Respiration

A form of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen and generates less ATP

ATP

adenosine triphosphate; energy-storing molecule of cells; energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates

Autotroph

an organism that can make its own food; aka producer; one example is plants (by photosynthesis)

Cellular Respiration

burning glucose to make ATP; 36-38 ATP are formed from each glucose molecule; carried out by all organisms; occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

Chemosynthesis

process by which ATP is synthesized by using chemicals as an energy source

Chlorophyll

green pigment found in the chloroplast that traps light for photosynthesis

Concentration Gradient

a difference in concentration of a substance across a cell membrane/space

Diffusion

the simplest form of passive transport

Dynamic Equilibrium

a state in which there is no concentration gradient; particles are evenly distributed and continue to move across the cell membrane/space

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis

process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Facilitated Diffusion

process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the cell membrane through protein channels

Heterotroph

an organism that must get food from its environment; aka consumer; one example is animals

Hypertonic

a solution with the greater concentration of solutes, thereby having a higher osmotic pressure and cause a cell to release water.

Hypotonic

a solution with a lower concentration of solutes, thereby having a lower osmotic pressure and will cause the cell to take up water.

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Lactic Acid Fermentation

anaerobic respiration that makes 2 ATP from each glucose molecule and lactic acid which causes muscle soreness/cramps

Light (Radiant) Energy

energy from light waves (e.g., solar, light bulb)

Osmosis

the diffusion of water; remember "solute sucks"

Passive Transport

movement of molecules from high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient); does not require ATP/energy

Plasmolysis

collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water

Photosynthesis

process carried out by plants, some protists, and some bacteria in which carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose (food) and oxygen; occurs in the chloroplast of eukaryotic cells

Selectively Permeable/Semipermeable

characteristic of the cell membrane in which some substances are allowed to cross but not others

Solute

the dissolved substance in a solution/solvent; example is salt or sugar

Solution

mixture in which one substance dissolves another

Solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves; ex. water

Turgor Pressure

pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall