Fluids and Fluid Balance

If we injected lactic acid into the bloodstream of a resting individual and measure arterial pH, the pH would be

Low

If a person's arterial blood gas numbers were as follows, the person is ______________.

PO2 = 85 mm Hg

PCO2 = 30 mm Hg

Hyperventilating

The major intracellular cation is

Potassium

In epithelial tissue, if bicarbonate moves to one side of the tissue, which of the following moves to the other?

Calcium or Chloride?

If a person's respiratory rate increases from 12/minute to 16 per minute with no change in tidal volume, but there is no change in arterial PO2 or PCO2, they are

Euventilating (neither hyperventilating nor hypoventilating)

If we drank a solution that had the same osmolarity as our extracellular fluid, but the only solute was potassium, intracellular fluid volume would

Increase

Which of the following numbers would make sense shortly after arriving at high altitude?

pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 25 mm Hg, Bicarb = 24 mEq/L

Please choose numbers you might expect to see from someone who has been vomiting for 24 hours:

pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 60 mm Hg, Bicarb = 32 mEq/L

Which of the following numbers might represent arterial blood measurements of a person with diarrhea?

pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 20 mm Hg, bicarb = 16 mEq/L

The major extracellular cation is

Sodium

If we inject someone with lactic acid, which of the following numbers would make sense?

pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 25 mm Hg, Bicarb = 16 mEq/L

Please interpret the following acid/base imbalance: pH = 7.2 PCO2 = 60 mm Hg Bicarb = 24 mEq/L

Respiratory acidosis without renal compensation

Which of the following numbers might represent arterial blood measurements of a human one week after arriving at 14,000 feet?

pH = 7.5, PCO2 = 30 mm Hg, bicarb = 19 mEq/L

Shortly after arriving at altitude, the pH of a person would be

High

If we injected lactic acid into a resting individual, hemoglobin leaving a systemic capillary would be

Less saturated with oxygen

Please interpret the following acid/base imbalance: pH = 7.2 PCO2 = 25 mm Hg Bicarb = 16 mEq/L

Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

If we injected lactic acid into the bloodstream of a resting individual,

Ventilation would increase

Given the following numbers from systemic arterial blood, what disorder would you expect? pH = 7.6 PCO2 = 50 mm Hg Bicarb = 30 mEq/L

Vomiting

Which of the following numbers might represent arterial blood measurements of a human shortly after arriving at 14,000 feet?

?

Imagine that Judi ruptures her spleen in a rugby collision. There is significant internal bleeding. Judi is rushed to the hospital and the bleeding is stopped. What was the initial change in Judi's blood pressure?

Blood pressure decreased.

Following the injury, what happened to glomerular filtration rate in Judi's kidney?

GFR decreased

Following the injury, what happened to the concentration of fluid in Judi's distal convoluted tubules?

Decreased concentration in DCT

Following the injury, which of the following was released from the juxtaglomerular complex in Judi's kidneys?

Renin

Which of the following would be released from the adrenal cortex?

Aldosterone

Case study continued: Imagine that Judi ruptures her spleen in a rugby collision. There is significant internal bleeding. Judi is rushed to the hospital and the bleeding is stopped. The spleen was not removed during surgery. Judi's religious beliefs do not permit a blood transfusion, so Judi did not receive red blood cells. She did, however, receive liquids that expanded her plasma volume. Even though the blood loss was significant, it was not life threatening and Judi's body can respond to achieve homeostasis over the next 6 weeks. Please assume that Judi's cardiac output returns to normal in the hospital even though the red blood cells were not replaced. Case study: Case study: The primary purpose of the fluids given to Judi was to expand plasma volume. The fluid given to Judi was likely

Hypertonic

After administering the plasma expander, which of the following would most stimulate the release of ADH?

The increase in plasma osmolarity

Why was it necessary to expand Judi's plasma volume?

To increase EDV and therefore cardiac output

Compared with before the injury, oxygen delivery to Judi's organs one day after entering the hospital would be

Decreased

Assume that oxygen delivery is such that anaerobic respiration is increased. Because of the change in oxygen delivery, the pH in Judi's blood would

Decrease

Which of the following numbers might be representative of Judi's condition during the first day in the hospital?

pH = 7.2, PCO2 = 25 mm Hg, Bicarb = 16 mEq/L

Assume that Judi's body responds to the change in oxygen delivery with a simple endocrine reflex. This reflex would be a

Negative feedback loop

The effector involved in the response to the change in oxygen delivery would be the

Adrenal gland or Thyroid gland

If a person's respiratory rate increases from 12/minute to 16 per minute with no change in tidal volume, but there is no change in arterial PO2 or PCO2, the respiratory system would be

Maintaining pH

Many choice (choose 3): Imagine a drug that shuts down the glycolytic pathway. In case

- Acetyl CoA levels within cells would rise

- Ketoacids in the blood would rise

- Blood pH would fall