AP Gov Unit 4 Vocab Terms

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50 Terms

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Conservative Ideology
a political ideology that generally favors fewer governmental regulations of the marketplace, less governmental involvement to ensure social and economic equality, and a narrower scope of personal privacy (except in arenas involving religious and educational freedom)
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Demographics
characteristics of populations, e.g., race, sex, income.
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Elite theory
theory that upper class elites exercise great influence over public policy
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Factions
term used by Madison to denote what we now call interest groups - "any group for a cause against a cause"
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Feeding frenzy
Just as sharks engage in a feeding frenzy when they sense blood in the water, the media "attack" when they sense wrongdoing or scandal in government, and devote great amounts of coverage to such stories.
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Gender gap
difference in voting patterns for men and women, particularly in the greater tendency of the latter to vote for Democratic presidential candidates.
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Globalization
the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale; the interconnection of people, companies, economies, and governments of different nations
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Ideology
set of beliefs about political values and the role of government.
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Ideological
based on or relating to a system of ideas and ideals, especially concerning economic or political theory and policy.
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Independent
one is not registered with a political party. Independent learners tend to vote for candidates of one particular party. Independent leaners tend to vote for candidates of one political party whereas pure independents have no consistent pattern of party voting.
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Investigative journalism
media activities aimed at unearthing facts previously unknown by the general public; typically focused on uncovering wrongdoing by individuals and institutions.
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Keynesian Economics
an economic philosophy advocating active ​government's intervention in the economy through public policies that aim to achieve full employment and price stability
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Party identification
a sense of affiliation that a person has with a particular political party.
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Liberal Ideology
​a political ideology that generally favors more governmental regulations of the marketplace, more governmental involvement to ensure social and economic equality, and a broader scope of personal privacy (except in arenas involving religious and educational freedom)
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Political culture
the widely shared beliefs, values, and norms that citizens share about their government.
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Libertarian Ideology
​a political ideology that generally favors little or no governmental regulations of the marketplace beyond the protection of property rights and voluntary trade and disfavors governmental intervention in social issues beyond the protection of private property and individual liberty.
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Political socialization
process in which one acquires his/her political beliefs.
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Rule of Law
​idea that written laws and the Constitution are superior to all offices and officeholders; related to concept of​ limited government
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Polling
a type of survey or inquiry designed to measure the public's views regarding a particular topic or series of topics using a random sampling of the population being measured.
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Selective exposure
​the practice of selectively choosing media sources which are in harmony with one's own beliefs.
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Selective perception
the practice of perceiving media messages the way one wants to.
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Solid South
historically, the South voted solidly Democratic. However, the South is now strongly Republican: Bush carried every Southern state in 2000.
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Split ticket voting
casting votes for candidates for one's own party and for candidates of opposing parties, e.g., voting for a Republican presidential candidate and a Democratic congressional candidate.
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Straight ticket voting
casting votes only for candidates of one's party.
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Suffrage
the right to vote.
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Supply-Side
an economic theory that reduction of tax rates encourages more earnings, savings, and investment and thereby expands economic activity and the total taxable national income
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Voting Behavior Models
Theories of the motivations behind voters' choices in a given election
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Rational Choice Voting
Voting based on what is perceived to be in the citizen's individual interest
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Prospective Voting
Voting based on predictions of how the party/candidate will behave in the future
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Party-Line Voting
Voting for candidates from a single political party for all offices across the ballot
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Majoritarian
governed by or believing in decisions of the majority or in the best interest of the majority
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Monetary policy
​The Federal Reserve Board's regulation of the supply of money in circulation in order to
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achieve optimal economic well-being
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Fiscal policy
taxing and spending policy.
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Free enterprise
freedom of private business to organize and operate for profit in a competitive system without interference by government beyond regulation necessary to protect public interest and keep the national economy in balance.
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Spin control/spin doctoring/political spin
placing a certain slant on a story to deflect negative public attention against a candidate or officeholder.
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exit polls
election-related questions asked of voters right after they vote
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push polls
polls taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate
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representative sample
A relatively small number of respondents who accurately reflect the variety of opinions, demographics, etc. in the broader population
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margin of error
the range of percentage points in which the sample accurately reflects the population
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straw poll
a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes
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focus group
A small group of individuals who are led in discussion by a professional consultant in order to gather opinions on and responses to candidates and issues.
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sampling error
error in a statistical analysis arising from the unrepresentativeness of the sample taken
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political ideology
a set of beliefs about what an effective society looks like and how it can be achieved
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moderate
Person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies
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property rights
the rights of an individual to won, use, rent, invest in, buy, and sell property
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Eminent domain
part of the 5th amendment of the US Constitution; the right of the government to take private property for public use
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Federal Reserve Board (The Fed)
The 7-member Board of Governors that oversees Federal Reserve Banks, establishes monetary policy (interest rates, credit, etc.), and monitors the economic health of the country
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third parties
electoral contenders other than the two major parties. American third parties are not unusual, but they rarely win elections.
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Political Polarization
the divergence of political attitudes away from the center, towards ideological extremes