Logical Fallacies

Terms and definitions for AP LANG midterm 2025

Begging the Question is also known as

Circular Logic

Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc is also known as

Cause-Effect Error

Bandwagon Appeals are also known as

Ad Populum

Veiled Threat is also known as

Argumentum Ad Baculum

Begging the Question / Circular Logic

The arguer uses the same reason as the conclusion.

Non Sequitur

A logical sequence is not followed.

Post Hoc

Assuming a faulty causal relationship between 2 events simply because one follows the other.

Faulty Analogy

Assuming that because 2 events have similarities, they are similar in other properties as well, when they are actually substantially different.

Hasty Generalization

Reaching a conclusion not supported logically or by sufficient evidence through generalization.

Red Herring

Misleading or distracting the audience from the main point of discussion or issue.

Equivocation

Using misleading terms of more than one meaning without clarifying which definition is intended in the scenario.

Missing The Point

The premises of an argument do support an argument—but not the conclusion that the arguer actually draws.

Ignoring the Question

Rather than answering the question or addressing the issue, the arguer shifts focus, supplying an unrelated argument to dodge the real issue.

Opposing the Straw Man

Misinterpreting or oversimplifying an opponent’s position to make it easier to attack.

Either-Or Arguments are also known as

False Dilemmas

Either-Or / False Dilemma

Arguer reduces complex issues into 2 simple solutions or options (when more might exist):one that is acceptable/true, and the other is not.

Slippery Slope

Assumes that one step will inevitably lead to more, eventually negative steps into a chain resulting to undesirable or disastrous results.

False Authority is also known as

Ad Verecumdium

False Authority / Ad Verecumdium

An authority or “expert” in one field may know nothing of another field.

Bandwagon / Ad Populum

Assuming that an argument must be true because it’s popular or because many people believe it to be so.

Ad Hominem

Refuting claims made by the opponent by bringing the opposition’s character into question, ignoring the question and attacking the person.

Tu Quoque

Avoiding the argument by making similar charges against the opponent.

Oversimplification

Trying to provide a simple solution to a complex problem.

Slanting

Selecting evidence that only supports your claim and conceals or plays down other evidence.

Veiled Threat / Argumentum Ad Baculum

Implying that adverse consequences will occur if an action is not taken.

Ad Misericordium

Attempting to persuade others by appealing to their emotions.

Hypothesis Contrary to Fact is also known as

Counterfactual Fallacy

Hypothesis Contrary to Fact / Counterfactual Fallacy

Making claims about what would have happened if a past event had occurred differently, relying on speculation over evidence.

To Presume

To suppose something based on probability or reasonable evidence, suggesting a higher level of confidence.

To Assume

To suppose something without proof, often lacking evidence or certainty.

Disinformation

False information designed to mislead, deliberately spread with intent to harm or confuse.

Misinformation

False information spread without intent to harm.

Gaslighting

A manipulation of someone into questioning their own perception of reality.