Personal And Community Health Final Exam

Revisit endemic, epidemic, and pandemic infection spread

The terms endemic, epidemic, and pandemic refer to different patterns of disease spread; endemic describes a disease consistently present in a specific area, epidemic refers to a sudden increase in cases above expected levels, and pandemic denotes an outbreak that has spread across continents affecting a large number of people.

Types of infection (bacterial, viral, fungal, etc.)

are classifications based on the pathogens that cause diseases, with each type exhibiting distinct characteristics and modes of transmission.

Types of immunity

are classifications of the body's defenses against infections, including innate immunity (natural defenses) and adaptive immunity (specific responses to pathogens).

Antigens/pathogens/antibodies/vaccines

are substances that trigger an immune response, with antigens being recognized by antibodies that help protect the body, while vaccines prepare the immune system to fight specific pathogens.

Epidemiological Triad of Disease

is a framework for understanding the factors contributing to the occurrence of disease, consisting of an agent, host, and environment.

Types of blood cells & their responsibilities

are various cells in the blood, including red blood cells that transport oxygen, white blood cells that fight infections, and platelets that aid in clotting.

Routes of infectious disease transmission (6)

are the various ways by which infectious agents are spread from one host to another, including direct contact, airborne, vector-borne, vehicle-borne, droplet, and vertical transmission.

Ways to reduce your risk of infection (which are controllable/noncontrollable)

include vaccination, hand washing, and maintaining good hygiene practices, while uncontrollable factors may include genetics and age.

SHARP acronym

a mnemonic used to remember key safety practices in handling sharp objects, including "Safety, Handled, Appropriate, Readily available, Proper disposal."

Autoinoculation

is the process of transferring infectious agents from one part of the body to another, often leading to self-infection.

Colonization/incubation/infection

The stages of pathogen development in a host, where colonization involves the establishment of the pathogen, incubation is the time before symptoms appear, and infection refers to the presence and multiplication of the pathogen causing disease.

STD vs STI (including routes of transmission)

STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) and STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections) refer to infections primarily spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex, along with other routes like sharing needles.

HIV/AIDS

HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, leading to AIDS, a condition characterized by a severely weakened immune response. Transmission occurs through bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.

Mono/meningitis/herpes/shingles/bronchitis

Mono refers to infectious mononucleosis, a viral illness often caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, while meningitis is the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Herpes is a viral infection that manifests as cold sores or genital sores, shingles is a reactivation of the chickenpox virus causing painful rashes, and bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often leading to a persistent cough.

Allergies (types/causes/Tx/transmission methods)

Allergies are immune system responses to substances known as allergens, which can include pollen, dust mites, pet dander, certain foods, and medications. Treatment often involves avoiding triggers, using antihistamines, or undergoing immunotherapy.

Hepatitis (types/vaccines/contraction methods/possible complications)

Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver, which can be caused by viral infections, alcohol use, or autoimmune diseases. There are several types of hepatitis viruses, including A, B, C, D, and E, each with different modes of transmission and vaccine availability.

Asthma (types, S/S, Tx)

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Treatment typically includes the use of inhalers, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory medications.

Diabetes (types/causes/Tx/insulin/hypo vs hyperglycemia)

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period, often due to insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance. There are two main types: Type 1, which is autoimmune and often diagnosed in childhood, and Type 2, which is more common and typically related to lifestyle factors.

Conventional/complementary/alternative health care choices

These refer to various approaches to health care that include standard medical practices, as well as those that may not be widely accepted or used in mainstream medicine, such as herbal remedies and acupuncture.

Affordable Care Act

A comprehensive health care reform law enacted in 2010 that aimed to improve access to health insurance, reduce costs, and eliminate barriers to care for Americans, including provisions for coverage of pre-existing conditions.

Reasons for high health care costs

Factors such as administrative expenses, high prices for services and medications, and a significant focus on advanced technologies contribute to rising health care costs.

Patient rights

are the legal and ethical entitlements of individuals receiving health care, encompassing access to information, the right to participate in treatment decisions, and the right to privacy regarding their medical information.

Self-care/when to seek medical attention

Patients have the right to make informed decisions about their health care, including understanding when self-care is appropriate and recognizing when professional medical attention is needed.

Types of health plans & coverage/Medicare vs Medicaid

Medicare is a federal program providing health coverage primarily for individuals aged 65 and older and certain younger people with disabilities, while Medicaid is a state and federal program offering health coverage to low-income individuals and families.

Generic vs OTC vs brand name drugs

Generic drugs are chemically identical to brand-name drugs and are marketed under their chemical name without trademark protection, while OTC (over-the-counter) drugs are available without a prescription for treating common ailments. Brand name drugs are marketed under a specific name by the manufacturer.

Common supplements and uses/FDA approval of supplements

The FDA does not approve dietary supplements before they are marketed, but it does regulate them under different standards than those for prescription or over-the-counter drugs.