Ap Human Geo - unit 5 test

As a result of the Columbian exchange, which crop was transferred from the Americas to Europe, and later, spread through the world?

Maize (corn)

An agricultural hearth is a location where

Plants and animals were first domesticated

In which state or province is the long lot land, division most common

Quebec

Mediterranean agricultural products are most commonly grown in

Southern Spain and California

A meal that includes olives, pita bread, cheese, figs, lamb, and wine is most associated with which of the following?

Greece

Using the image above, which of the following is the most important identifier of the public land survey system

Square and rectangular fields

Rice and beans are very common ingredients used in Latin American food today. Which of the following scenarios best explains this?

Rice diffused from Europe and was added to meals using beans

Which of the following is not considered to be a negative consequence of the green revolution?

Family Farms disappeared, because they cannot compete with the corporate farms in the increased cost of farming

Which statement best explains a result of crop rotation?

Maintains soil fertility by restoring nutrients

The research and scientific discovery that fueled the green revolution occurred, mostly in the United States, which of the following regions, benefited the most from the green revolution?

South Asia

The greatest impact of the second agricultural revolution was

An increase in available food supplies

Which statement about 1961 to 2011 is best supported by the graph

Green Revolution techniques worked better in Asia than in Africa.

Which is a characteristic of the second agricultural revolution?

increased mechanization of farming

Which of the following is most accurate about agriculture today?

Productivity of land is increased as her concerns about sustainability.

According to Carl Sauer, which of the following is true about plant domestication?

It first occurred in diversified habitats with a variety of species.

A food assemblage that includes olives, pita bread, cheese, figs, lamb, and wine is most associated with which of the following?

Greece.

Which of the following best explains the potential impact of rising global temperatures on agricultural regions?

The wheat belt will shift northward.

Which of the following best explains the importance of climate to agricultural practices?

Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China.

Which of the following pairs of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the world's total land area?

Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding.

What kind of agriculture is primarily practiced in the dark-shaded areas on the map above?

Mediterranean.

With the exception of Hawaii, the map shows the pattern of production for coffee beans by country.

If the map was reproduced at the subnational state or provincial scale, as Hawaii is on the map, what changes in pattern would be expected in other parts of the world?

The states in northern Mexico and northern India would not show any production.

With the exception of Hawaii, the map shows the pattern of production for coffee beans by country.

Which of the following best describes the pattern of coffee bean production at the global scale?

Within tropical latitudes.

With the exception of Hawaii, the map shows the pattern of production for coffee beans by country.

Which of the following explains the limitations of the map shown for identifying the agricultural production regions of coffee beans?

The map mainly identifies all land within a country, as opposed to the foothills and upland areas where coffee beans are grown.

Which of the following explains why multiple early hearths of domestication and diffusion of plants and animals arose across the world in Central America, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus River valley, and Southeast Asia?

Responses

Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals.

Which of the following is the essential requirement of lowland rice production?

abundant water.

Which of the following forms of agriculture would best be described as extensive farming?

cattle ranching and wheat farming.

Which of the following is the best example of extensive land use in agriculture?

a sheep ranch.

Sheep production in New Zealand and poultry production in Arkansas produce food animals for human consumption. Which of the following best describes the differences in the agricultural practices and land use for these products?

Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors.

Labor-intensive intertillage is often practiced in

southeast Asia.

On the map above, the shaded area is most associated with which of the following types of agriculture?

rice cultivation.

Which of the following best explains the diffusion of plants and animals from their hearths of domestication?

Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism.

Which of the following explains the diffusion and successful cultivation of many plants and animals in new regions of the world through the Columbian Exchange?

The plants and animals diffused to a region with climate and geography similar to that of their point of domestication.

Which of the following best explains the differences between the patterns of land use in the township-and-range system and the long-lot system, as shown in the images?

The township-and-range survey system was based on a geometric grid pattern, while the long-lot system was a rectilinear pattern based upon waterways or roads.

Which of the following best explains the reasons for the similarities and differences between the two land survey systems shown?

Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, the township-and-range system uses simplified calculation to create a more ordered landscape.

The two images represent different agricultural land survey patterns.

Comparing the two images, which survey system was more efficient in terms of trade?

The river in the long lot survey system provided better access to waterways to transport goods to market.

The township and range land survey system in the United States contributed to which of the following?

A dispersed rural settlement pattern.

In less developed countries, pesticides are typically applied by hand, whereas pesticides are typically applied by tractors or aircraft in more developed countries.

Which of the following best explains the risks associated with pesticide applications

Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries.

Between 1950 and 1990, wheat production in India in average pounds per acre more than tripled, which allowed India to meet its population's need for food.

Which of the following best explains this change?

The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals.

During the Green Revolution, agricultural practices from more developed countries diffused to less developed countries in Asia and Africa.

Which of the following best explains the Green Revolution's highly variable level of success in increasing agricultural yields?

Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores.

Which of the following agricultural inputs were the most recent technological innovations employed in less developed countries during the Green Revolution?

Chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

In which of the following world regions has the Green Revolution had the least impact on agriculture?

Sub-Saharan Africa.

The two images show different agricultural methods. In the context of the Second Agricultural Revolution, which of the following trends is represented in these images?

The mechanization of farming in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in more reliable crop harvests and healthier populations in areas where the mechanization was adopted.

The images show devices developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution.

Which of the following best describes the impacts of the Second Agricultural Revolution?

Technological innovations, such as the devices shown in the images, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.

The images shown illustrate a change that took place as the Second Agricultural Revolution coincided with the Industrial Revolution.

Which of the following compares this geographic relationship between these revolutions?

The mechanization of farm work allowed many young people to migrate and join a growing urban industrial workforce.

Agriculture

the process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade.

Climate

the long-term weather patterns in a region.

Subsistence Agriculture

primary goal is to grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and his or her family; secondary goal is to sell or trade any surplus for income or goods.

Commercial Agriculture

primary goal is to grow enough crop or raise enough livestock to sell for profit.

Intensive Agriculture

farmers use large amounts of inputs, fertilizers, labor, or machines, to maximize yields.

Extensive Agriculture

farmers use fewer amounts of inputs and this typically results in less yields.

Intensive Commercial Agriculture

heavy investments in labor and capital are used in this type, which leads to high yields and profits.

Intensive Subsistent Agriculture

labor and animal working.

Extensive Commercial Agriculture

uses low inputs of resources but has the goal of selling the product for profit.

Capital

the money invested.

Extensive Subsistent Agriculture

few inputs are used.

Pastoral Nomadism

form of agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

Shifting Cultivation

a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Plantation

a large commercial farm that specializes in one crop.

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

both animal and crops are farmed in the same area, it's helpful because farmers could distribute the workload more evenly through the year.

Grain Farming

the mass planting of grain crops such as wheat, barley, and millet.

Commercial Gardening

the intensive production of non tropical fruits, vegetables, and flowers for sale off the farm.

Market Gardening

when fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, and restaurants.

Dairy Farming

local farms and businesses supplying dairy products to customers in a small geographic area.

Milk Shed

the geographic area that milk is delivered.

Mediterranean Agriculture

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails.

Transhumance

the seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations and valleys in the winter.

Livestock Ranching

commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area.

Clustered (Nucleated) Settlements

these settlements had groups of homes located near each other in a village and fostered a strong sense of place and often shared of services, such as schools.

Dispersed Settlements

patterns in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside.

Linear Settlements

buildings and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route.

Metes and Bounds

a method of describing real estate, using boundary lines with terminal points and angles.

Public Land Survey System (township and range system)

created rectangular plots of consistent size.

Townships

areas 6 miles long and 6 miles wide.

Section

each square mile.

French long-lot system

where farms were long thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river.

First (Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution

the origin of farming.

Animal Domestication

genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.

Plant Domestication

genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention.

Fertile Crecsent

the first major hearth of agriculture, in Southwest Asia.

Independent Innovation

crops and animals were domesticated in multiple regions with seemingly no interaction among the people.

Columbian Exchange

The global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.

Second Agricultural Revolution

began in 1700s, used the advances of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth.

-improved knowledge of fertilizers, soils, and selective breeding practices for plants and animals.

Enclosure Acts

a series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use that had previously been common land used by peasant farmers.

Crop Rotation

the technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order to restore nutrients back into the soil.

Irrigation

the process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other human-made devices, rather than to rely on just rainfall.

Third Agricultural Revolution

born out of science, research, and technology, and continues today.

-expanded farming, mechanization, and information technologies.

Green Revolution

the advances in plant biology of the mid-20th century.

Hybridization

the process of breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both characteristics.

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

a process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed.

The von Thüen model has changed because of developments in transportation. The change that is most evident is that the?

width of the rings has increased.

Based upon the bid price curve above, in which zone should corn be grown?

7.6 to 11.0 miles.

One results of the developments of cool chains is that they?

increased the distance that fresh fruits and vegetables could travel.

The two graphs shown above provide support for which of the following statements regarding cocoa production and chocolate consumption?

cocoa production is highest in periphery and semi peripheral countries and chocolate consumption is greatest in core countries.

Which statement best explains why a large number of agricultural products are imported into the United States from Chile?

the growing season in Chile allows U.S. consumers to have fresh fruits and vegetables in the winter.

Which lists products in the order in which they will be produced, starting closest to the market, according to Von Thunen's model?

dairy cattle, forest, grain, beef cattle.

A very large corporate farm in the US is most likely to take advantage of which of the following opportunities?

vertical integration strategy.

Which of the following best explains why farmers would plant both strawberries and watermelons in the same field?

limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.

Which of the following spatial patterns is best explained by bid-rent theory?

concentric rings of different agricultural activities surrounding a city in the midwestern United States.

A set of economic and political relationships that organizes food production from the development of seed to marketing the products is known as?

agribusiness.

Subsistence agriculture is always characterized by?

production only for family consumption.