APUSH Period 7 Vocabulary: 1898-1945

Progressive Movement

a movement to try to solve some of the social problems of the Gilded Age

Settlement Houses

a building that provides services for immigrants

Jane Addams

ran one of the most famous settlement houses (founded in 1889) - Hull House

Conservationists

argued that it was okay to use some natural resources in wilderness areas and that people should go and enjoy the wilderness

Preservationists

argued that the wilderness should be left alone who by humans, who should not even set foot in wilderness areas

National Parks Service

although there were already national parks, this agency was created to run them

Ida B. Wells

fought against the lynching of blacks in the South

Jacob Riis

photographed the cramped apartments where immigrants lived

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

banned trusts

Recall

when voters can effectively vote to remove from office [fire] a politician

Referendum

when voters can approve a new law

Initiative

where people can gather signatures from ordinary people to propose a new law

Pendleton Act

a law to ensure that federal government officials had to be politically neutral, so that they would be chosen by merit, not political allegiance

Tammany Hall (Boss Tweed)

political machine in New York

Tenements

poor quality housing for immigrants living near factories

Federal Child Labor Law

restricted child working hours, but was struck down by the Supreme Court

18th amendment

banned alcohol

19th amendment

allowed women to vote across the U.S.

Imperialism

belief that it is right for one country to conquer other countries and make them into colonies

American exceptionalism

belief that America was unique and different from any other country

Anti-imperialism

opposition to U.S. taking colonies

White Man's Burden

the idea that as white people were the most civilized race they had a duty to spread a civilization to the backwards races around the world

Perception that the frontier was "closed"

now that America could not expand West, Americans wanted to acquire territories overseas

Manifest destiny

this term changed meaning after 1850 to mean that America was destined to expand overseas

New Markets

U.S. wanted to acquire colonies where its businesses could sell their goods

Spanish-American War

War in which U.S. acquires Cuba and the Philippines as colonies

U.S.S. Maine

the U.S. blamed Spain for the destruction of this ship, starting the Spanish-American War

Philippines

after being acquitted in the Spanish-American War, the Philippines rebelled against the U.S.

Annexation of Hawaii

Hawaii becomes a U.S. colony

Open Door Policy

forced China to trade with Europe and U.S.

Annexation

making a territory part of the U.S.

Woodrow Wilson

President who advocated for the U.S. to join WWI on humanitarian grounds

Sedition Act of 1918

Law banning criticism of the war effort

The First Red Scare

people worried that Communists were going to infiltrate [get into] the U.S.

Nativism

increased due to fear of immigrants being communist

Palmer Raids

the government raided union offices because they though unionists might be Communists

Zimmerman telegram

telegram revealing that Germany had secretly tried to convince Mexico to invade the United States and reclaim the territory it had lost in the Mexican-American War

Lusitania

ship carrying U.S. passengers attacked by Germany

American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.)

American troops that were small in number, poorly trained and underequipped, yet helped America's allies win the war

Schenck v. US (1919)

the court decided that a man could be prosecuted [charged with a crime] for passing out fliers arguing against the draft during WWI.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty ending WWI that was never ratified by the U.S. Senate due to opposition to the League of Nations

League of Nations

new organization supported by Woodrow Wilson to bring peace; described in Wilson's 14 Points; not signed by the Senate

Banana Wars

a series of U.S. military missions between 1898 and 1933 designed to protect the interests of American companies, particularly the United Fruit Company

Immigration Quota Act of 1924

Placed limits of how many immigrants could come from each country; it was designed to preserve the ethnic make-up of the U.S.

Rural-to-Urban migration

people continued to move to cities to work in factories

Great Migration

migration of black people from the South to the North

Harlem Renaissance

an artistic movement in New York City created by black people who had migrated from the South in the Great Migration

Jazz

a type of music created by black people in the Harlem Renaissance

Modernism

new ideas such as evolution

Scopes Trial

A trial about whether a teacher can be imprisoned for teaching about evolution

Consumer culture (1920s)

a culture focused on buying things

Assembly Line

although invented earlier, this technology greatly expanded car production in the 1920s

Cars, automobiles

In the 1920s, many more people could afford these than ever before

Vacuum

a new technology that reduced housework, which was mainly performed by women

Telephones

technology that became common in the 1920s

Radio

a new form of entertainment that allowed people to hear music from around the country

Flappers

women who dressed in short skirts and danced

Prohibition

ban on selling alcohol that was later repealed

Stock-market speculation

people had been borrowing money to invest in the stock market, leading to companies becoming over—valued and eventually leading to the stock-market crash

Stock Market Crash of 1929

the value of companies plummets and people lose much of the money they had invested in them

Dust Bowl

over-farming and drought results in crop lands being unusable and dust blowing in the air

Mexican Repatriation

Ethnic Mexicans with American citizenship are deported to Mexico to make sure white farmers displaced by the Dust Bowl could get jobs

New Deal

a massive government program to rebuild the economy after the Great Depression

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

President during the New Deal

Public Works

government program to provide jobs for people doing things like making sidewalks

Social Security

government program to give money to unemployed and elderly

Limited welfare state

the federal government provides some, limited assistance to people living in poverty

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

government program that ensures that if your bank fails, you don't lose your savings stored at that bank

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

regulates the stock market with the aim of preventing crashes

Huey Long

criticized Roosevelt for not doing enough to redistribute money from the rich to the poor in the New Deal

Court-Packing Plan

Roosevelt threatened to add more justices to the Supreme Court unless the Supreme Court said the New Deal was constitutional, the Supreme Court gave in

Great coalition

Both blacks and poor whites vote Democratic, leading to FDR to win a landslide (a huge victory)

Political realignment

Due to the New Deal, many black people switched from voting for Republicans to voting for Democrats

Fascism

ideology of complete loyalty to the government and nation advocated by Hitler

Nazi Party

Political party led by Hitler in Germany

Totalitarian

governments that controlled almost every aspect of people's lives

Lend-Lease Act

U.S. program to give supplies to the allies [countries fighting Hitler]

Pearl Harbor

Japan attacked this U.S. naval base in Hawaii causing the U.S. to enter WWII

Mass Mobilization

the process of transforming a country's economy to support a war effort

Home front

efforts to support the war within the U.S.

Rosie the Riveter

poster to encourage women to work in factories while men fought

Double V Campaign

idea that black people could use the war as opportunity for a double victory—to defeat Hitler and racism

Japanese Internment/Executive Order 9066

People of Japanese ancestry (including U.S. citizens) were forced to live in internment camps

D-Day, Battle of Normandy

Allied troops landed in France to begin the campaign to take back Europe from the Nazis (AFTER Pearl Harbor)

The Holocaust

the mass killing of Jews in Europe by the Nazis

Concentration camps

camps in Europe where Jews were forced to lie by the Nazis

The Rape of Nanking-

when the Japanese invaded the Chinese city of Nanking, they killed and raped civilians.

Island hopping

U.S. jumped from Pacific island to Pacific island to get close enough to Japan to directly attack

Radar

a new allowed the British to shoot down German planes trying to bomb British cities

Atomic bombs

the U.S. invented atomic weapons during WWII and dropped two on Japan to force Japan to surrender

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

Cash and Carry Policy

1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.

Axis Powers (WWII)

Germany, Italy, Japan

Allied Powers (WWII)

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

19th Amendment (1920)

Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex.

"Return to Normalcy" - Warren G. Harding

Warren G. Harding's campaign promise to return to the way things were before WW1. Supported laissez-faire and tariffs.

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first solve the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Muckrakers

1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Klondike Gold Rush

a frenzy of gold rush immigration to and for gold prospecting, along the Klondike River near Dawson City, Yukon, Canada after gold was discovered there in the late 19th century. Rush to Alaska in 1897