HBS unit 3

What is a vein?

a vessel that carries blood to the heart

What is an artery?

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Which one is thicker: an artery or a vein?

An artery

How are veins and arteries oriented?

Next to each other

What are the four chambers of the heart?

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

What are the superior and inferior vena cava?

bring deoxygenated blood back to heart from body, inferior vena cava is going up, superior coming down

What is the pulmonary artery?

the artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

What are the pulmonary veins?

carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart

What is the aorta?

The main artery carrying blood to all parts of the body

What is the tricuspid valve?

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

What is the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?

Pulmonary valve

What is the mitral valve?

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

What is the aortic valve?

Valve between right ventricle and aorta

EKG Graph

A graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart, displaying heartbeats over time.

What is arrhythmia?

irregular heart beat

What is tachycardia?

fast heart rate

What is bradycardia?

slow heart rate

What is fibrillation?

rapid, irregular contractions

What is the SA node?

pacemaker of the heart

What is the AV node?

A small bundle of cells that can receive the electrical impulse from the SA node, and continue the electrical signal down into the ventricles.

What is the bundle of his?

Also known as the Common Bundle. It is located in the upper portion of the interventricular septum and connects the AV Node with the Bundle Branches. Has an intrinsic rate of 40 - 60 bpm.

What are the Purkinje fibers?

Terminal branches of AV bundle

Spread impulse throughout ventricles

The Purkinje fibers are specialized fibers that distribute electrical impulses throughout the ventricles, ensuring synchronized contraction.

What is systolic pressure?

the maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction

What is diastolic pressure?

pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation

What is the pharynx?

common passageway for food and air

What is the larynx?

voice box

What is the trachea?

windpipe

What are the bronchi?

The two tubes which split from the trachea and carry air into the lungs

What are the bronchiole?

Airways in your lungs

What are alveoli?

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

What does the diaphragm do?

Contracts/relaxes the lungs

What is the tidal volume?

amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle.

What is the vital capacity?

the volume of air that the patient can exhale after a maximal inhalation.

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

What is the residual volume?

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

What is total lung capacity?

vital capacity + residual volume

What is pulse oximetry?

measure of the percentage of hemoglobin saturated by oxygen

What is spirometry?

measurement of pulmonary volumes and rate of expired airflow

What is flow rate?

Measure of how well air is moving in the lungs

What is forced expiratory volume? (FEV)

maximum volume of air that can be breathed out in 1 second

How does a heart contraction work?

The SA node initiates the process. It sends signals to the entire heart but reaches the atria first and causes it to contract. Once it reaches the AV node, it slows down temporarily before going down the bundle of his, splitting into the right and left ventricles, going into the Purkinje fibers, and causing the ventricles to contract.

What are prions and where are they found?

misfolded versions of normal protein that can cause disease; found in bad meat

What is a virus?

a tiny, nonliving, particle that enters and reproduces inside a living cell

What are bacteria?

microscopic single-celled organisms that have the capability of reproducing on their own without a host. Typically respond to antibiotics

What are protists?

Protists are eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms. Infect your digestive tract

What are helminths?

parasitic worms

What are fungi?

They are eukaryote heterotrophs that have cell walls.

What is the epidermis?

Outer layer of skin

What is the dermis?

Support layer below the epidermis

What is the basal cell layer?

Lowest layer of epidermis

What is the subcutaneous layer?

layer of connective tissue (adipose and LCT) that binds the skin to underlying structures.

What is sepsis?

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

What does TIME stand for (when referring to sepsis)?

T - High/Low Temp

I - Infection

M - Mental Decline

E - Extremely Ill

What are lymph nodes?

gland-like structures found inside the lymphatic vessels

What is lymph?

a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream.

What is the lymphatic system?

Consists of lymph nodes and lymph vessels that carry lymph (a clear fluid right in antibodies). The spleen, thymus, and the tonsils are made of lymphoid tissue. It supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes. This system also returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels.

Is the lymphatic system pressurized?

No

What is a prokaryote?

A single-celled organism that is made up of a prokaryotic cell. They are smaller and more simple than eukaryotic cells. (bacteria)

What is a eukaryotic cell?

cell that has a nucleus and organelles

What is innate immunity?

Your built-in defenses against a wide array of invaders: intact skin, fever, complement, etc.

What is acquired immunity?

The result of already having had the disease, or receiving an inoculation against the disease

What is active immunity?

the immunity that results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.

What is passive immunity?

the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.

What are examples of innate immunity?

Barrier defenses (skin, mucus, secretions) and internal defenses (phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response)

What is an antigen?

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

What is an antibody?

a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen

What are B-cells?

produce antibodies

What is an autoimmune disorder?

The immune system attacks the body's own normal tissues

What is prodromal symptom?

Early signs/symptoms of infection

What is convalesce?

Period of recovery after sickness

What are dendritic cells?

antigen presenting cells

What are T-Cells?

a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response.

What are neutrophils?

WBC's that ingest and destroy microbes in a process called phagocytosis.

What are macrophages?

They are big eaters that engulf debris, foreign materials, bacteria, and viruses.

What are cytotoxic cells?

"Killer cells" equipped with receptors that match one specific antigen

What are helper T-cells?

white blood cells induced other cells to help bind to the antigen

What are memory B-cells?

long-lived cells that do not secrete antibodies but will respond to antigens upon a second exposure

What is Plasma B?

Also known as white blood cells

How do these things work together in this system?

Macrophages and dendritic cells show the t cells the antigen. The t cells then activate the b cells, which release antibodies to destroy the antigen. In this process, b memory cells are left behind, so when the antigen invades again the response is faster and more intense

What do tonsils do?

Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials

What is the thymus?

A bilobed organ that secretes hormones (thymosin and thymopoietin) that cause T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent

What is the spleen?

Filters blood. Right next to liver

What is the liver?

large reddish-brown organ that helps with digestion; located on the right side of abdomen

Lymph node (image)

What is the germinal center of a lymph node?

this is formed after we have experienced an antigen

-develop the ability to make antibodies

What is the medulla of a lymph node?

Medullary cords extend inward from cortex and contain B cells, T cells, and plasma cells

What is the sinus of the lymph node?

In-between germinal centers

What are "non specific" immune responses?

When the immune system doesn't know exactly how to respond to a virus/infection, so it broadly fights the virus. Inflammation, swelling, secretions, and fever.

What is a specific immune response?

The specific immune response is triggered by the detection of antigens found on pathogens or foreign tissues. This makes white blood cells called B-lymphocytes to make specific antibodies that can identify and attach to the antigens and destroy the pathogen. This response can lead to long lasting immunity.

What is humoral immunity?

This is when antibodies attack antigens that are free in the plasma (exogenous antigens).

What is cell-mediated immunity?

an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

What is the cornea?

the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

What is the pupil?

The hole in the centre where light enters

What is the aqueous humor?

the clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea.