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Describe the components of the upper respiratory system and their functions
nose, nasal cavity, sinuse, Pharynx
The nasal cavity
The nasal septum
*Divides nasal cavity into left and right, provides sense of smell, cleans and moisten the nasal cavity, Mucus secretions from paranasal sinus and tears. Divides nasal cavity into left and right provides sense of smell, cleans and moisten the nasal cavity, Mucus secretions from paranasal sinus (air flow)
Meatuses
Are constricted passageways that produce air turbulence
*Nasal mucosa also helps with humidification of air
-The palates, hard palate, forms floor of nasal cavity. separates nasal and oral cavities
Soft palate
-extends posterior to hard palate
-divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx
The Pharynx
A chamber shared by digestive and respiratoy systems, extends from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus *divided into three parts
1.nasopharynx-superior portion of pharynx (contains pharyngeal tonsil and opening to left and right auditory tubes)
2.The oropharynx- Middle portion of Pharynx
-communicates with oral cavity
Describe the components of the lower respiratory system and their functions
The laryngopharynx- Inferior portion of pharynx
Extends from hyoid bone to entrance of larynx esophagus
Cartilages of LARYNX
3 large, unpaired cartilages from the larynx
1.Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage- hyaline cartilage, Forms posterior portion of larynx, Ligaments attach to first tracheal cartilage, Articulates with arytenoid cartilgaes
Epiglottis- Elastic cartilage, Ligaments attach to thyroid cartilag and hyoid bone
Cartilage functions -thyroid and cricord cartilgaes support and prtect
*The glottis
*The entrance to trachea, during swallowing, the larynx is elevated, the epiglottis folds back over glottis, prevent entry of food and liquids into repiratory tract
The Larynx contains 3 pairs of smaller Hyaline cartilages
1.Arytenoid cartilages
2.Corniculate cartilgaes
3.Cuneiform cartilgaes
Corniculate and arytenoid cartilgaes funtions in:
opening and closing of glottis, production of sound
The Trachea
Extends from the cricoid cartilage into mediastinum,
where it branches into right and left pulmonary bronchi
-The tracheal cartilages (15-20 tracheal cartilages)
*Strengthen and protect airway, Discontinous where trachea contacts esophagus
The primary Bronchi
To allow esophagus to expand when it contains food
Right and left Primary Bronchi
separated by an internal ridge, The right primary Bronchus is larger in diameter than the left primary bronchus
Hilum
Where pulmonary nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics enter lung
*Anchored in meshwork of connective tissue
The thyroid cartilage
Forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx, anterior surface callled laryngeal prominence, or Adam’s apple, ligaments attach to hyoid bone, epiglottis, and laryngeal carillages
What is the difference between respiratory v.s. conducting portion of the respiratory
The respiratory tract- consists of a conducting portion Description: From nasal cavity to the terminal brochioles
Conducting portion of the respiratory system
This is where gaseous exchange takes places, Involves respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
Describe the structure of the lungs
The lungs are in left and right plural cavities
Lobes and surfaces of the lung
The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior)
*seperated by horizontal and oblique fissures
The left lung has two lobes
Superior and inferior, seperated by an oblique fissure
Right lung is wider
Left lung is longer
The bronchi has bronchial tree
is formed by the primary bronchi and their branches
Primary bronchus
branches to form secondary bronchi, one secondary bronchus goes to each lobe
Secondary bronchi
branch to form tertiary bronchi
bronchial strucutre
The walls of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi, contain progessively less cartilages and more smooth muslce, increased smooth muscle tension affects airway constriction and resistance
The bronchioles
each tertiary bronchus branches into multiple bronchioles, bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles, one tertiary bronchus form about 6500 terminal bronchioles, each terminal bronchiole branches to form several respiratory bornchioles, where gas exchange takes place
Bronchiole structure
bronchioles, have no cartilage, are dominated by smooth muscle
Describe the function of the alveoli
air filled pockets with lungs, where all gas exchange takes place, a
Alveolar epithelium
consists of simple squamous epithelium, consists of simple squamous epithelium, delicate type 1 pnemocytes patrolled by alveolar macropahages? function Gaseous exchange Contains type ll pneumocytes (septal cells) that produce surfactant
Surfactant
an oily secretion with lipids and proteins function? Redudces surface tension
The action of breathing
Diaphragm relaxes- becomes dome shaped- make thoracic cavity smalller
External intercostal muscles relax- will cause the rib cage to move down and inwards, Air will move from high pressure (inside thoracic cavity) to lower pressure which is outside = Exhalation The thoracic cage gets smaller therefore increasing the pressre
How is Hemoglobin binding affected by temperature and Ph?
Hemoglobin and Ph and Temperature
Bohr effect is the result of pH on hemoglobin- saturation with H2O
*Produces carbonic acid
*Dissociates into hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion
What is chloride shift? Hydrogen ions diffuse of RBC, lowering pH
The oxygen- Hemoglobin saturation curve
*Is standardized for normal blood
when ph. drops or temperature rises
*More oxygen is released
when pH rises or temperature drops: Less oxygen is released
CH 20.
The conducting system of the heart/impulse conduction through the heart
Sa node activity and atrial activation being
Stimulus spreads across the atrial surfaces and reaches the AV node
There is a 100-msec delay at the AV node. Atrial contraction begins
The impulse travels along the interventricular septum within the AV bundle and the bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers and, by the moderator band, to the papillary muscle of the right ventricle
The impulse is distributed by Purnje fibers and relayed throughout the ventricular myocardium. Atrial contraction is completed, and ventricular contraction begins
The important landmarks of ECG/EKG
P wave- atria depolarize- Atrial contraction, QRS complete
*ventricles depolariz- ventricles contraction
T wave- ventricles repolarize- ventricles relax, Time intervals between ECG waves
P-R interval
*From start of atrial depolarization
*To start of QRS complex
Q-t interval
*From ventricular depolarization
* To ventricular repolarization
*Ventricular contraction begins
Can you tell the difference between the 4 cardiac arrhythmias that were discussed in class
Pac
Premature atrial contractions
Often occur in healthy individuals. In a PAC, the normal atrial rhythm is momentarily interrupted by a Suprise atrial contraction.
the normal atrial rhythm is momentarily interrupted by a surprise atrial contraction. Stres, caffeine, and various drugs may increase the incidence of PAC’s presumbaly by increasing the permebilities of the SA peacemakers. The impulse spreads along the conduction pathway and a normal ventricular contraction follows the atrial beat
Atrial Fibrillation (AP)
During AP the impulses move over the atrial surface at rates of perhaps 500 beats per minute. The atrial wall quivers instead of producing an organized contraction. The ventricular rate cannot follow the atrial rate and may remain within normal limits. Even though the atria are now nonfunctional. Their contribution to ventricular end- diastolic volume is so small that the condition may go unnoticed in older individuals
VT- Ventricular Tachycardia
is defined as four or more PVC’S without intervening normal bats. It is also known as Vt or V-tach multiple PVC’s and Vt may indicate that serious cardiac problems exist
Ventricular Fibrillation- VF
VF is responsible for the condition known as cardiac arrest. VF is rapidly fatal because the ventricles quiver and stop pumping blood
Brachycardia
Slow heart rate
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heart rate
Cardiovascular system
1.Right atrium- receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circuit
Right ventricle- Pump blood to the pulmonary circuit
Left atrium- Collects blood to the pulmonary circuit
left ventricle- Pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circuit
Flow of blood entering the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation
Blood gathers into left and right pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins deliver to left atrium, blood from left atrium passes to left ventricle through left atrioventricular valve,
The left ventricle blood leaves left ventricle through aortic valve into ascending aorta, ascending aorta turns and becomes descending aorta