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biology - chromosomes
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Genetics
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19 Terms
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chromatin
NON-DIVIDING long strands of DNA that hold/carry genes
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genes
provides information about who we are
ex. hair color, eye color
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allele
half of a gene (meaning 1 half from mom or dad)
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zygote
fertilized egg
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centromere
the point where to chromosomes meet and connect
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telomere
the cap found at the end of each chromosome arm
used to protect the chromosome when it duplicates but, it becomes shorter each duplication
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DNA and mtDNA
DNA = composed of nucleotides and looks like a twisted ladder
mtDNA = DNA found in the mitochondria that comes from the maternal (mother) side
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phosphate group
PO3H2
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nitrogenous bases
Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
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what does every chromosome have?
2 matching strands, a phosphate group, sugar on the outside, nitrogenous base in the center.
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Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin
4 scientists produced a 1 page paper explaining DNA and proving that it has a helical shape
they won the nobel prize in 1962 (franklin didn’t get it because she died)
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how did this experiement become possible?
Franklin (the best scientist in her field) received an x-ray of crystallography
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chargaff’s rule
scientific bases are always paired with other specific bases
Adenine to Thymine
Cytosine to Guanine
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somatic chromosomes
non gender cells
for example: bones and blood cells
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gender chromosomes
female = XX, male = XY
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histones
wrap around DNA to protect it
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karyotypes
a chromosomal map that is used to study gender chromosomes
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long arm
the longest part of the chromosome from the centromere “q”
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short arm
shortest part of the chromosome from the centromere “p”
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