Period 4 Apush

Democratic-Republican Party

The political party led by Jefferson and Madison that supported states’ rights and a farming-based economy.

Federalist Party

Early political party favoring a strong central government and manufacturing; declined after 1815.

Judicial Review

The Supreme Court’s power to declare laws unconstitutional, established by Marbury v. Madison.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Exploration of the Louisiana Purchase to map the land and contact Native tribes.

Aaron Burr

Jefferson’s vice president known for dueling Hamilton and involvement in a western conspiracy.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who formed a Native confederation to resist U.S. expansion.

Impressment

British practice of forcing American sailors into their navy.

Embargo Act

Jefferson’s 1807 ban on foreign trade that hurt the U.S. economy.

Henry Clay

Politician behind the American System and major national compromises.

Caucus System

Early method where party leaders privately chose presidential candidates.

War of 1812

War with Britain over trade restrictions and impressment that increased U.S. nationalism.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists opposing the War of 1812, which damaged their reputation.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of nationalism and one-party rule after the War of 1812.

American System

Henry Clay’s plan for tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival that inspired many reform movements.

Charles G. Finney

Leading preacher of the Second Great Awakening promoting social reform.

Revivalism

Large outdoor religious meetings spreading evangelical Christianity.

Temperance Movement

to reduce or ban alcohol use.

Transcendentalists

Thinkers stressing individualism and spiritual self-reliance.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist writer who promoted civil disobedience.

Hudson River School

Group of artists painting American landscapes to express nationalism.

David Walker

Black abolitionist who urged resistance to slavery.

Frederick Douglass

Former enslaved man who became a leading abolitionist speaker and writer.

Underground Railroad

Secret network helping enslaved people escape to freedom.

Freemen

Formerly enslaved African Americans living free in the North or South.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831

slave revolt that led to harsher Southern laws.

Gag Rule

Congressional rule blocking antislavery petitions.

American Anti-Slave Society

Organization calling for immediate abolition of slavery.

American Colonization Society

Group promoting relocation of African Americans to Liberia.

Missouri Compromise 1820

agreement admitting Missouri and Maine and limiting slavery north of 36°30'.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Court ruling calling the Cherokee a “dependent nation.”

Worcester v. Georgia

Court decision protecting Cherokee land from Georgia laws, which Jackson ignored.

Indian Removal Act

Law forcing Native tribes west of the Mississippi River.

Trail of Tears

Forced Cherokee march that caused thousands of deaths.

Seminole Wars

Conflicts in which the Seminole tribe resisted forced removal from Florida.

54°40’ or fight

Slogan demanding full U.S. control of the Oregon territory.

Oregon Territory

Region jointly occupied with Britain until 1846.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that Americans were destined to expand across the continent.

Corrupt Bargain

Alleged deal giving Adams the presidency in exchange for Clay’s support.

Election of 1824

Four-way presidential race decided by the House of Representatives.

Spoils System

Jackson’s practice of giving government jobs to loyal supporters.

Democrat Party

Jacksonian political party favoring states’ rights and expanded white male voting.

Whig Party

Party opposing Jackson and supporting a strong Congress and internal improvements.

States' Rights

Belief that states could limit or reject federal power.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina’s attempt to nullify a federal tariff.

Force Bill

Law giving the president authority to use force during the Nullification Crisis.

Tariff of 1828

High protective tariff hated by the South and called the “Tariff of Abominations.”

Pet Banks

State banks that received federal money after Jackson ended the national bank.

Boom and Bust

Economic cycle of rapid growth followed by downturns.

Panic of 1819

Economic depression caused by land speculation and tight credit.

Panic of 1837

Major economic crash linked to Jackson’s financial decisions.

Specie Circular

Order requiring land purchases to be paid for in gold or silver.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling supporting federal power and upholding the national bank.

Cult of Domesticity

Belief that women belonged in the home and guided family morals.

Seneca Falls

Convention 1848 women’s rights convention demanding equality and suffrage.

Labor Unions

Early worker groups formed to fight for better wages and working conditions.

Shakers

Religious community practicing celibacy and communal living.

Brook Farm

Utopian community blending intellectual and manual labor.

Dorothea Dix

Reformer who worked to improve treatment of the mentally ill.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts.

Erie Canal

Waterway linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, boosting U.S. trade.

Lowell, Massachusetts

Early factory town known for employing young women in textile mills.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. warning to Europe not to colonize or interfere in the Western Hemisphere.

War Hawks

Congressmen who pushed for war with Britain before 1812.

Macon’s Bill No. 2

Law reopening trade that pressured Britain and France to respect U.S. neutrality.

Battle of the Alamo (1836)

Battle during the Texas Revolution that became a symbol of resistance.