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These terms are specifically mentioned in the APUSH course. Some are extra I found useful. Enjoy.
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widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World following Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century.
Columbian Exchange
business entities where multiple investors share the risks and profits of colonial ventures, significant in funding overseas exploration and settlements.
Joint Stock Companies
a labor system that allowed Spanish settlers to demand tribute and forced labor from Indigenous populations in the Americas.
Encomienda
1675-1676
The war arose from tensions over territorial expansion, resource competition, and the encroachment of colonists on Native American lands. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in American history and significantly impacted Native American resistance to colonization and resulted in the near destruction of several Native American tribes in New England.
Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War)
a successful uprising by Pueblo people against Spanish colonial rule in 1680, aimed at reclaiming their religious practices and independence. It temporarily expelled the Spanish from the region.
Pueblo Revolt
a series of religious revivals in the American colonies during the 18th century, emphasizing personal faith and emotional engagement in religion. It challenged traditional authority and led to increased religious freedom and diversity.
Great Awakening
an intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, and individualism over tradition and religious authority. It greatly influenced the development of political and philosophical thought in America and Europe.
Enlightenment
an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers, known for his contributions to science, politics, and diplomacy. He was instrumental in the American Enlightenment and played a key role in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence.
Benjamin Franklin
the first President of the United States and a key military leader during the American Revolutionary War. He set many precedents for the future office and was known for his leadership and commitment to republican values.
George Washington
a message to the nation delivered by George Washington in 1796, warning against political parties and foreign alliances, while advising the importance of unity and the preservation of the Constitution.
Washington’s Farewell Address
a pamphlet published in 1776 that argued for American independence from Britain. It presented the case for the republican government and criticized monarchy, influencing public opinion significantly.
Common Sense (By Thomas Paine)
a document adopted on July 4, 1776, proclaiming the thirteen American colonies' separation from British rule. It outlined the principles of individual rights and government by consent of the governed.
Declaration of Independence
a concept that emerged in the early United States emphasizing the role of women in fostering civic virtue and educating future citizens, highlighting the importance of mothers in shaping a democratic society.
“Republican motherhood”
the first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1781, which created a weak federal government and ultimately led to its replacement due to issues of governance. It established a confederation of sovereign states, giving more power to the states while limiting the federal government's authority.
Articles of Confederation
that led to the creation of a bicameral legislature, balancing the interests of both small and large states in representation.
Constitutional Convention - compromise
the supreme law of the United States, establishing the framework of the federal government and outlining the rights of citizens. It was ratified in 1788 and includes the Bill of Rights.
Constitution
supporters of the proposed Constitution who advocated for a strong central government and ratification.
Loose construction of the Constit
Favored National Bank
Protective tariffs, powerful navy
Favored British alliance
Hamilton
Federalist
opponents of the Constitution who feared that a strong central government would threaten individual liberties and state sovereignty. They advocated for a Bill of Rights to protect citizens' freedoms.
Strict construction of the Constitution
Opposed National Bank, lower tariffs, favored French alliance.
They believed in limited government powers and emphasized states' rights.
Jefferson
Anti-Federalists
a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.
Federalists Papers
The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights and freedoms to citizens. These amendments were ratified in 1791, protecting rights such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly.
Bill of Rights
A law passed in 1787 that established a framework for governing the Northwest Territory and outlined the process for admitting new states to the Union. It included provisions for public education and the prohibition of slavery in the region.
Northwest Ordiance
The second President of the United States, he served from 1797 to 1801. A founding father and a leading advocate for independence, he also played a key role in developing the U.S. government and policies.
President John Adam
Led by Andrew Jackson
Favors state rights
Strict Construction of Constitution
Opposed National bank and American system
Pro Indian removal & Western Expansion
Advocated for agriculture interests
Democrats
Webster/Clay
Favors strong federal government
Loose construction of Constitution
Pro US Bank, American System, and tariffs
Opposed spoils system, Indian Removal & Western Expansion
Whigs
A major transformation in the economy of the United States during the early 19th century, characterized by the shift from agriculture to industrialization, the rise of factories, and the expansion of transportation systems.
Agriculture, transportation, technological advances impacted this.
Market Revolution
A religious revival movement in the early 19th century that encouraged individual piety, social reform, and the idea of perfectibility in society. It also spurred movements like abolition and women's rights.
2nd Great Awakening
A significant early women's rights conference held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York. It produced the Declaration of Sentiments, which outlined grievances and demands for women's equality, including suffrage.
Seneca Falls Convention
A land deal in 1803 between the United States and France, where the US acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of territory west of the Mississippi River, doubling the size of the nation.
Louisiana Purchas
A US foreign policy statement made in 1823 that opposed European colonialism in the Americas, asserting that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas would be seen as a hostile act against the US.
Monroe Doctrine
A legislative agreement passed in 1820 aimed at maintaining the balance between free and slave states in the United States. It allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state while Maine was admitted as a free state, establishing a line of latitude to separate free and slave territories.
Missouri Compromise
The 19th-century belief that it was the divine right and destiny of the United States to expand across the North American continent, promoting westward expansion.
Manifest Destiny
A conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848, resulting from the U.S. annexation of Texas and leading to significant territorial gains for the U.S., including present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, and more.
Mexican American War
A law passed in 1854 that created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, allowing settlers to determine if they would allow slavery through popular sovereignty. This act led to violent conflicts known as "Bleeding Kansas".
Kansas-Nebraska Act
founded in the 1850s as an anti-slavery political organization, emerging in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery into new territories. Its platform attracted former Whigs, Free Soilers, and abolitionists.
Republican Party
refers to the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, which resulted in his presidency and heightened tensions between Northern and Southern states over slavery, ultimately leading to the Civil War.
Lincoln’s Election
A conflict fought from 1861 to 1865 between the Northern states (Union) and Southern states (Confederacy) primarily over issues including slavery and states' rights.
Civil War
An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 that freed slaves in the Confederate states, reshaping the purpose of the Civil War.
Emancipation Proclamation
An address by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 that emphasized the principles of human equality and the importance of preserving the Union.
Gettysburg Address
An amendment to the United States Constitution that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime, ratified in 1865.
13th Amendment
An amendment to the United States Constitution that granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., including former slaves, and ensured equal protection under the law, ratified in 1868.
14th Amendment
An amendment to the United States Constitution that granted African American men the right to vote, prohibiting the federal and state governments from denying this right based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude, ratified in 1870.
15th Amendment
a significant period in American history following the Civil War from 1865 to 1877, aimed at rebuilding the nation and integrating formerly enslaved individuals into society. It involved the re-establishment of state governments in the South, the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments which abolished slavery and granted citizenship and voting rights to African Americans, respectively. Faced many challenges, including resistance from Southern whites, the emergence of discriminatory laws known as Black Codes, and violence from groups like the Ku Klux Klan. It focused on rebuilding the South.
Reconstruction
A term used to describe the Southern United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as it transitioned from an agrarian economy based on slavery to a more industrialized economy, emphasizing modernization and diversification.
“New South”
An ideology that applied the principle of "survival of the fittest" to human societies, justifying social inequality and imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Social Darwinism
A concept popularized by Andrew Carnegie, advocating that the wealthy have a moral obligation to distribute their surplus wealth for the betterment of society, particularly through philanthropy.
Gospel of Wealth
A political movement and party formed in the late 19th century that sought to represent the interests of farmers and laborers, advocating for economic reforms such as the regulation of railroads and the direct election of Senators.
People’s (Populist Party)
The process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by promoting the adoption of American values, language, and customs.
Americanization
A social reformer and activist, she co-founded Hull House in Chicago, which provided social and educational services to immigrants and the poor.
Jane Addams
an 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. This ruling established legal justification for segregation in public facilities and reinforced Jim Crow laws.
Plessy v Fergunson
a period of social activism and political reform in the United States from the 1890s to the 1920s, aimed at addressing issues like corruption, inequality, and social injustices.
Progressive Era
Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1913, allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census. This amendment was a significant step in raising federal revenue.
16th Amendment
An amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1913, that established the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote, aiming to reduce corruption and increase democratic participation.
17th Amendment
An amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1919, that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, marking the beginning of Prohibition.
18th Amendment
An amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1920, that granted women the right to vote, significantly advancing gender equality in the electoral process.
19th Amendment
Individuals advocating for the protection of natural environments from industrialization and development, emphasizing the importance of conserving land for future generations.
Conservationists
Individuals focused on the sustainable use and management of natural resources, balancing preservation and development for ecological health.
Preservationists
A severe worldwide economic downturn that occurred during the 1930s, characterized by massive unemployment, bank failures, and a significant decline in industrial production.
Great Depression
a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression, which lasted from 1933 to 1939. Its primary goals were to provide relief for the unemployed and those in financial distress, recover the economy, and reform the financial system to prevent a future depression. Major components included the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Social Security Act, and the Works Progress Administration (WPA).
New Deal
The 32nd President of the United States, elected during the Great Depression, he implemented the New Deal to aid recovery and reform the U.S. economy.
Franklin Roosevelt
A cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s, celebrating African American cultural expression and influencing literature, music, and art.
Harlem Renaissance
A period of intense fear of communism and radical leftism in the United States, particularly after World War I and during the early Cold War, characterized by widespread anti-communist sentiments and government actions against perceived threats.
Red Scare
The policy or belief that promotes the interests of native inhabitants over those of immigrants. Often focuses on preserving a specific cultural identity and can manifest in opposition to immigration. This viewpoint generally advocates for restriction of immigration to protect jobs and culture, often leading to discriminatory practices against newcomers.
Nativism
The movement of approximately six million African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West between 1916 and 1970, seeking better economic opportunities and escaping Jim Crow laws.
Great Migration
A policy or ideology where a country extends its power and influence over other nations or territories, often through military force or diplomatic means, typically to exploit resources or establish control.
Imperialism
advocating against the expansion of a nation's authority over foreign countries, often based on ethical, political, or economic grounds.
Anti Imperalism
A conflict in 1898 between the United States and Spain, resulting in the U.S. gaining territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, and solidifying its role as an emerging global power.
Spanish-American War
The United States' acquisition of the Philippines following the Spanish-American War in 1898, which was met with significant domestic and international controversy and led to a brutal conflict with Filipino nationalists seeking independence.
The Philippines Annexation/Interference with America
A global conflict from 1914 to 1918, involving many world powers, primarily attributed to militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism, resulting in significant political and social changes. The war was characterized by trench warfare and was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. It ended with the Treaty of Versailles, which redrew national boundaries and imposed heavy reparations on Germany.
WW1
The 28th president of the United States, who served from 1913 to 1921, and led the country through World War I. He is known for his Fourteen Points, advocating for self-determination and the establishment of the League of Nations.
Key Elements
open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, and self-determination for nations
Woodrow Wilson
The peace treaty that officially ended World War I in 1919, it placed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany while redrawing national borders in Europe and establishing the League of Nations. The treaty aimed to prevent future conflicts through international cooperation, though it faced criticism for its harsh terms and failure to achieve lasting peace.
Treaty of Versailles
The surprise military attack by the Japanese Imperial Navy on December 7, 1941, which led to the United States' entry into World War II.
Pearl Harbor
The forced relocation and confinement of Japanese Americans during World War II, justified by the U.S. government as a national security measure.
Internment
A military strategy used by the Allies in the Pacific Theater during World War II, focusing on capturing strategically important islands while bypassing others to gain control of the region. This approach allowed for efficient use of resources and aimed to approach Japan gradually by securing bases for further operations.
Island Hopping
June 6, 1944, the day during World War II when Allied forces launched a massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France. This operation, known as Operation Overlord, marked a significant turning point in the war against Nazi Germany.
D-Day
A conflict from 1950 to 1953 between North Korea, supported by China and the Soviet Union, and South Korea, backed by United Nations forces primarily from the United States. It resulted in a stalemate and the continued division of Korea along the 38th parallel.
Korean War
A conflict in Vietnam from 1955 to 1975, involving North Vietnam and its communist allies against South Vietnam and the United States. This war resulted in significant loss of life and ultimately the fall of Saigon, leading to the reunification of Vietnam under communist control.
Vietnam War
A period of relaxed tensions and improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, particularly in the 1970s, characterized by arms control agreements and diplomatic negotiations.
Détente
A prominent leader in the American civil rights movement, known for his advocacy of nonviolent resistance and his role in advancing civil rights through landmark events such as the March on Washington and his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
Martin Luther King Jr
A landmark Supreme Court case in 1954 that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, effectively overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson.
Brown v Board of Education
A significant piece of legislation that prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and aimed to end segregation in public places and employment.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
A series of domestic programs launched in the 1960s aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice, including Medicaid, Medicare, and various education and environmental initiatives.
Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society
A region in the southern United States that experienced significant population growth and economic development in the late 20th century, particularly in industries like technology and agriculture.
Sun Belt
The 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989, known for conservative policies, tax cuts, and the end of the Cold War. A key figure in the conservative movement, he emphasized deregulation, reduced government spending, and strengthened national defense during his presidency.
Ronald Reagan
A series of coordinated terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda that targeted the United States, resulting in significant loss of life and leading to major changes in U.S. domestic and foreign policy.
September 11, 2001
The conflicts initiated by the United States in response to the September 11 attacks, aimed at dismantling terrorist organizations and promoting stability in the region. The wars resulted in long-term military engagements and significant political and social challenges.
War in Afghanistan and Iraq
A political movement in the mid-19th century that opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories of the United States. It aimed to keep these areas free for free men and free labor, emphasizing the principle that slavery was incompatible with the ideals of a democratic society.
Free Soil Movement
the President of Iraq from 1979 until 2003, known for his authoritarian regime and aggression towards neighboring countries, notably the invasion of Kuwait.
Saddam
A combat operation during the Gulf War in 1991, aimed at liberating Kuwait from Iraqi occupation after Saddam Hussein's invasion.
Operation Desert Storm
The British policy of non-enforcement of trade regulations in the American colonies during the early 18th century, allowing them to develop independently and fostering a sense of autonomy.
Salutary Neglect
consisted of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. These colonies were characterized by their Puritan religious beliefs, strong sense of community, and focus on trade and commerce. They played a significant role in the early development of American democratic ideals and education.
New England Colonies
included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. This region was known for its diverse population, religious tolerance, and economic focus on agriculture and trade. Its fertile soil supported the growth of crops like wheat and barley, earning it the nickname \"Breadbasket Colonies.\"
Middle Colonies
primarily Virginia and Maryland, were characterized by their focus on tobacco cultivation, which shaped their social and economic structures. These colonies relied heavily on indentured servants and later enslaved Africans to meet labor demands. The plantation system dominated the landscape, leading to a hierarchical society with a wealthy planter class at the top. The region also faced challenges such as disease, high mortality rates, and conflicts with Native American populations.
Chesapeake Colonies
comprised of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. These colonies were focused on plantation agriculture, particularly cash crops like rice, indigo, and tobacco. They utilized a labor system that included enslaved Africans and created a society characterized by wealthy landowners and a significant reliance on slave labor.
Southern Colonies
A conflict between Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763, part of the larger Seven Years' War. The war was fought over territorial disputes and resulted in British dominance in Canada and the westward expansion of British colonies. This conflict was marked by battles between colonial militias and Native American allies on both sides, ultimately leading to significant British territorial gains.
French & Indian War
A series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party. These acts aimed to suppress colonial dissent and included measures like closing Boston Harbor and revoking Massachusetts' charter.
Intolerable Acts
The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War, occurring on April 19, 1775, where colonial militia faced British troops.
Lexington and Concord
A landmark Supreme Court case decided in 1803 that established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Court to invalidate laws conflicting with the Constitution.
Marbury v Madison
A military conflict between the United States and Great Britain, lasting from 1812 to 1815. It was caused by British violations of U.S. maritime rights, including impressment of American sailors and interference with trade. Key events included the burning of Washington D.C., and the Battle of New Orleans, which occurred after the peace treaty was signed. The war resulted in a surge of American nationalism and the end of the Federalist Party.
War of 1812
A U.S. policy established in 1823 that warned European nations against further colonization or interference in the Americas, asserting that any such actions would be viewed as acts of aggression.
Monroe Doctrine
A landmark Supreme Court case decided in 1819 that established the supremacy of federal laws over state laws, confirming the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States.
McCulloch v Maryland