exam 1 - learner objectives (dr. moore)

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routes of enteral (_____) administration

  • in _____

  • in _____

  • by _____

  • by _____ _____

Get a hint
Hint

  1. oral

  2. food

  3. water

  4. mouth

  5. oral gavage

Get a hint
Hint

routes of parental (_____ _____) administration

  • _____/topical

  • _____

  • _____

    • intra_____

    • _____

    • intra_____

    • intra_____

    • intra_____

    • intra_____

Get a hint
Hint

  1. not oral

  2. dermal

  3. inhalation

  4. injections

    1. muscular

    2. subcutaneous

    3. peritoneal

    4. venous

    5. cardiac

    6. nasal

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routes of enteral (_____) administration

  • in _____

  • in _____

  • by _____

  • by _____ _____

  1. oral

  2. food

  3. water

  4. mouth

  5. oral gavage

2
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routes of parental (_____ _____) administration

  • _____/topical

  • _____

  • _____

    • intra_____

    • _____

    • intra_____

    • intra_____

    • intra_____

    • intra_____

  1. not oral

  2. dermal

  3. inhalation

  4. injections

    1. muscular

    2. subcutaneous

    3. peritoneal

    4. venous

    5. cardiac

    6. nasal

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steps in gavage in rodents

  • measure _____ of the mouth to _____ rib for proper length/depth of insertion

  • _____

  • use needle to push back on _____ _____ & rock head back so passage is _____

  • ensure maximum volume is not _____

  1. corner

  2. last

  3. restraint

  4. hard palate

  5. straight

  6. exceeded

<ol><li><p>corner </p></li><li><p>last </p></li><li><p>restraint </p></li><li><p>hard palate</p></li><li><p>straight </p></li><li><p>exceeded</p></li></ol><p></p>
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inhalant exposure: whole body vs. nose-only exposure concerns

  • whole body

    • inhalants can deposit on _____ & _____

    • inhalants can be _____ → _____ dose than calculated

  • nose-only

    • limits to just the _____ dose

  1. fur

  2. skin

  3. ingested

  4. greater

  5. inhaled

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luer-lock pro’s

  • when using _____ liquids, pressure may build when pushing plunger & needle may _____ _____

  • luer-lock - the needle is _____ & prevents the needle from being _____ _____

  1. thick

  2. shoot off

  3. screwed

  4. blown off

<ol><li><p>thick </p></li><li><p>shoot off</p></li><li><p>screwed </p></li><li><p>blown off</p></li></ol><p></p>
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identifying needle diameter & needle size ranges

  • lower number = _____ gauge (diameter)

  • higher number = _____ gauge (diameter)

  • needle sizes for animals:

    • rodents = _____

    • rabbits = _____

  1. larger

  2. smaller

  3. 23-27

  4. 23

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why to not reuse needles

  • tissue _____

  • _____

  • _____

  1. trauma

  2. contamination

  3. pain

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reasons why commercially manufactured drugs are better than non-pharmaceutical grade agents

  • _____

  • _____

  • _____-_____ balance

  • _____ storage/shelf-life

  • _____ of pyrogens

  1. purity

  2. sterility

  3. acid-base

  4. longer

  5. absence

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rodent injection sites

  • intra_____ = _____ muscles of the _____ limbs

  • _____ = over the _____

  • intra_____ = ventral _____, near the midline of the _____ portion of the _____ two quadrants

  • intra_____ = _____ _____ vein

  1. muscular

  2. thigh

  3. hind

  4. subcutaneous

  5. back

  6. peritoneal

  7. abdomen

  8. upper

  9. lower

  10. venous

  11. lateral tail

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rabbit injection sites

  • intra_____ = _____ muscles of the _____ limbs & _____ muscles that parallel the spine

  • _____ = same as rodents

  • intra_____ = same as rodents

  • intra_____ = _____ _____ vein

  1. muscular

  2. thick

  3. hind

  4. epaxial

  5. subcutaneous

  6. peritoneal

  7. venous

  8. marginal ear

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when giving injections, fluids need to be _____ to near _____ temperature to prevent _____

  1. warmed

  2. body

  3. hypothermia

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blood collection volumes

  • mouse ≤ _____

  • rat ≤ _____

  • hamster ≤ _____

  • rabbit ≤ _____

  1. 0.3

  2. 3.0

  3. 1.0

  4. 30

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using a _____ for blood collection in rodents is usually not successful due to the _____ _____, which may cause the vessel to _____, preventing blood collection

  1. vacutainer

  2. negative pressure

  3. collapse

<ol><li><p>vacutainer </p></li><li><p>negative pressure</p></li><li><p>collapse </p></li></ol><p></p>
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blood collection vessel locations

  • tail - _____ _____ vein

  • hind leg - lateral & medial _____ veins; guinea pigs - _____ vein

  • head/face - _____/_____ vein

  • eye - _____ orbital

  • heart - _____ collection

  • rabbit - _____ ear vein; front leg - _____ vein; hind leg - _____ _____ vein

  1. lateral tail

  2. saphenous

  3. metatarsal

  4. submandibular/facial

  5. retro

  6. cardiac

  7. marginal

  8. cephalic

  9. lateral saphenous

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promoting vasodilation

  • heat _____

  • _____ light bulb

  • heating _____

  • _____ in warm water

  • heated, water-filled _____ _____

  1. lamp

  2. incandescent

  3. pad

  4. immersion

  5. exam glove

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indwelling catheter maintenance

  • to prevent blockage from a _____

    • _____ formation

  • to prevent _____ _____

  • to prevent _____

  1. clot

    1. thrombus

  1. bacterial contamination

  2. embolus

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surgical scrub procedure at skin incision

  • _____ alternating scrubs of _____ solution & alcohol

  • start at the _____ & spiral outward

  1. three

  2. betadyne

  3. center

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<p><strong>laparotomy: </strong>surgical procedure incising the _____</p><ul><li><p>_____ site</p></li><li><p>surgical _____</p></li><li><p>_____ skin with a _____ - NOT _____; will crush the cells &amp; _____ healing</p></li><li><p>use _____-_____ forceps to handle skin &amp; abdominal muscles</p><ul><li><p>less _____</p></li><li><p>less _____ of tissues </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

laparotomy: surgical procedure incising the _____

  • _____ site

  • surgical _____

  • _____ skin with a _____ - NOT _____; will crush the cells & _____ healing

  • use _____-_____ forceps to handle skin & abdominal muscles

    • less _____

    • less _____ of tissues

  1. abdomen

  2. clip

  3. scrub

  4. incise

  5. scalpel

  6. scissors

  7. delay

  8. rat-tooth

    1. trauma

    2. crushing

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<p><strong>thoracotomy:</strong> surgical procedure incising the _____ cavity (heart, lungs, &amp; other organs)</p><ul><li><p>insert _____ tube</p></li><li><p>_____ site</p></li><li><p>surgical _____</p></li><li><p>use _____-_____ forceps to handle skin &amp; abdominal muscles</p><ul><li><p>less _____</p></li><li><p>less _____ of tissues</p></li></ul></li><li><p>cut _____ muscles (between the _____)</p></li></ul><p>** loss of _____ pressure will _____ the lungs; need to manually _____ or mechanical _____</p><p></p>

thoracotomy: surgical procedure incising the _____ cavity (heart, lungs, & other organs)

  • insert _____ tube

  • _____ site

  • surgical _____

  • use _____-_____ forceps to handle skin & abdominal muscles

    • less _____

    • less _____ of tissues

  • cut _____ muscles (between the _____)

** loss of _____ pressure will _____ the lungs; need to manually _____ or mechanical _____

  1. thoracic

  2. endotracheal

  3. clip

  4. scrub

  5. rat-tooth

    1. trauma

    2. crushing

  1. intercostal

  2. ribs

  3. negative

  4. collapse

  5. inflate

  6. ventilator

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<p><u>instrument proper use</u></p><ul><li><p>skin &amp; muscle </p><ul><li><p>use _____-_____ forceps to prevent excessive _____ of cells</p></li><li><p>use _____ to cut - less trauma</p><ul><li><p>_____ crush cells &amp; delay healing </p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>hemostats</p><ul><li><p>used for _____ dissection of _____ tissues &amp; for _____ off vessels </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

instrument proper use

  • skin & muscle

    • use _____-_____ forceps to prevent excessive _____ of cells

    • use _____ to cut - less trauma

      • _____ crush cells & delay healing

  • hemostats

    • used for _____ dissection of _____ tissues & for _____ off vessels

  1. rat-tooth

  2. crushing

  3. scalpel

    1. scissors

  1. blunt

  2. subcutaneous

  3. clamping

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swedged needles: have the suture contained _____ the end of the needle

  • does not stick out _____ the cross-section of the needle

  • less _____

  • less _____ to tissues

  1. within

  2. beyond

  3. drag

  4. trauma

<ol><li><p>within </p></li><li><p>beyond </p></li><li><p>drag</p></li><li><p>trauma</p></li></ol><p></p>
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non-swedged needles: have an _____ & suture must be _____ _____ & thus a _____ diameter than the needle itself

  • _____/friction/_____ to the tissues - delays healing

  1. eyelet

  2. looped through

  3. wider

  4. dragging

  5. trauma

<ol><li><p>eyelet </p></li><li><p>looped through </p></li><li><p>wider </p></li><li><p>dragging</p></li><li><p>trauma</p></li></ol><p></p>
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<p><u>point needles</u></p><ul><li><p>taper</p><ul><li><p>used for _____ organs</p></li></ul></li><li><p>cutting </p><ul><li><p>used for _____</p></li><li><p>facilitate passage of the needle through _____ tissue</p></li><li><p>can tear _____ _____ tissues</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

point needles

  • taper

    • used for _____ organs

  • cutting

    • used for _____

    • facilitate passage of the needle through _____ tissue

    • can tear _____ _____ tissues

  1. hollow

  2. skin

  3. dense

  4. less dense

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<p><u>wound margin</u></p><ul><li><p>perfect apposition </p><ul><li><p>allows for _____ healing with _____ scar tissue</p></li></ul></li><li><p>eversion or inversion </p><ul><li><p>results in _____</p></li><li><p>_____ tissue is not as strong </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

wound margin

  • perfect apposition

    • allows for _____ healing with _____ scar tissue

  • eversion or inversion

    • results in _____

    • _____ tissue is not as strong

  1. faster

  2. minimal

  3. scarring

  4. scar

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order of tissue tensile strength

_____ > _____ fascia > _____ > _____ fat

  1. skin

  2. muscle

  3. muscle

  4. subcutaneous

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<p><u>simple interrupted suture</u></p><ul><li><p>advantages</p><ul><li><p>good _____</p></li><li><p>loss of one suture has _____ effect</p></li></ul></li><li><p>disadvantages</p><ul><li><p>takes _____ to do</p></li><li><p>may _____ tissue if tension is present</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

simple interrupted suture

  • advantages

    • good _____

    • loss of one suture has _____ effect

  • disadvantages

    • takes _____ to do

    • may _____ tissue if tension is present

  1. apposition

  2. minimal

  3. longer

  4. tear

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<p><u>horizontal mattress suture</u></p><ul><li><p>advantages </p><ul><li><p>good for high _____ areas </p></li><li><p>loss of one suture has _____ effect</p></li></ul></li><li><p>disadvantages</p><ul><li><p>takes _____ to do </p></li><li><p>causes _____</p></li><li><p>may _____ blood flow, effecting healing </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

horizontal mattress suture

  • advantages

    • good for high _____ areas

    • loss of one suture has _____ effect

  • disadvantages

    • takes _____ to do

    • causes _____

    • may _____ blood flow, effecting healing

  1. tension

  2. minimal

  3. longer

  4. eversion

  5. strangulate

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<p><u>vertical mattress suture</u></p><ul><li><p>advantages</p><ul><li><p>good for high _____ areas</p></li><li><p>loss of suture has _____ effect</p></li><li><p>not as likely to restrict _____ _____</p></li></ul></li><li><p>disadvantages</p><ul><li><p>takes _____ to do </p></li><li><p>causes _____ </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

vertical mattress suture

  • advantages

    • good for high _____ areas

    • loss of suture has _____ effect

    • not as likely to restrict _____ _____

  • disadvantages

    • takes _____ to do

    • causes _____

  1. tension

  2. minimal

  3. blood flow

  4. longer

  5. eversion

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<p><u>simple continuous suture</u></p><ul><li><p>advantages</p><ul><li><p>very _____</p></li><li><p>good _____</p></li></ul></li><li><p>disadvantages</p><ul><li><p>may _____ tissue if tension is present </p></li><li><p>_____ of suture allows entire wound to _____ open</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

simple continuous suture

  • advantages

    • very _____

    • good _____

  • disadvantages

    • may _____ tissue if tension is present

    • _____ of suture allows entire wound to _____ open

  1. fast

  2. apposition

  3. tear

  4. breaking

  5. gape

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<p><u>continuous interlocking suture</u></p><ul><li><p>advantages</p><ul><li><p>very _____</p></li><li><p>good for _____ relief </p></li></ul></li><li><p>disadvantages </p><ul><li><p>_____ of suture allows entire wound to _____ open</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

continuous interlocking suture

  • advantages

    • very _____

    • good for _____ relief

  • disadvantages

    • _____ of suture allows entire wound to _____ open

  1. fast

  2. tension

  3. breaking

  4. gape

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suture removal

  • _____ suture

  • _____ portion that was underneath the _____, then remove

  • prevents entry & tracking of _____/_____ under the skin

  1. elevate

  2. cut

  3. skin

  4. bacteria/contaminants

<ol><li><p>elevate </p></li><li><p>cut</p></li><li><p>skin </p></li><li><p>bacteria/contaminants </p></li></ol><p></p>
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types of anesthesia

  • _____ - loss of sensation in a limited body area

  • _____ - loss of sensation over a large area

  • _____ - loss of consciousness & loss of sensation

  1. local

  2. regional

  3. general

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factors affecting anesthesia

  • size

  • _____

  • gender

  • _____ _____

  • fear & activity

  • _____

  • concurrent disease (basal metabolic rate)

    • fever - _____ BMR

    • toxemia - _____ BMR

    • liver disease - _____ BMR

    • shock - _____ BMR

    • Vit. C deficiency in guinea pigs - _____ BMR

    • hyperthyroidism - _____ BMR

    • thyroidectomized - _____ BMR

  1. age

  2. recent feeding

  3. tranquilizers

    1. increases

    2. decreases

    3. decreases

    4. decreases

    5. decreases

    6. increases

    7. decreases

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anesthesia delivery

  • _____/topical

  • _____ (IM, IV, IP, SC)

  • _____

  1. dermal

  2. injection

  3. inhalant

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body systems affected by anesthetic emergencies

  • _____

  • _____

  1. cardiac

  2. respiratory

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stages & planes of anesthesia

  • stage I - rising _____ threshold - sensory depression

  • stage II - _____ phase - involuntary activity

  • stage III - surgical _____ - plane _____ (no reflexes - this is maintained)

  • stage IV - _____ paralysis - heart continues beating, can progress to death

  1. pain

  2. excitement

  3. anesthesia

  4. 3

  5. respiratory

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assessing adequate anesthesia

  • _____ tone - easily opens

  • _____ reflex - tongue does not retract = adequate

  • _____ reflex (toe pinch) - no reaction = adequate

  • _____ reflex = touch corner of the eye near nose, no blink = adequate

  • _____ reflex - touch cornea, no blink = adequate

  1. jaw

  2. swallowing

  3. withdrawal

  4. palpebral

  5. corneal

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selecting ideal anesthesia method

  • _____ death without signs of _____

  • _____ time of loss of consciousness

  • reliable, reproducible

  • _____ of animals

  • _____ to personnel

  • _____ undesirable physiological effects

  • _____ environmental impact

  • _____, _____ to use equipment

  1. rapid

  2. distress

  3. minimum

  4. number

  5. safety

  6. minimum

  7. minimum

  8. simple, easy

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easily recognized variables

  • _____

  • environmental _____

  • humidity

  • _____

  • _____ cycle

  • water

  • noise

  1. diet

  2. temperature

  3. ventilation

  4. light

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not easily recognized variables

  • animal _____

  • _____ disease

  • environmental _____

  • _____ transmission

  • subtle _____ stressors

  • _____ reactions

  1. genetics

  2. latent

  3. contaminants

  4. microbial

  5. behavioral

  6. idiosyncratic

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humidity effects

  • heat _____

  • low - _____ in rats & mice

  • low - increased _____

  • low - affects _____ _____ in lungs

  1. stroke

  2. ringtail

  3. dust

  4. mucociliary escalator

<ol><li><p>stroke</p></li><li><p>ringtail </p></li><li><p>dust</p></li><li><p>mucociliary escalator </p></li></ol><p></p>
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temperature effects

  • heat _____

  • _____

  1. stroke

  2. chilling

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ventilation effects

  • removal of _____ gases

    • carbon dioxide

    • _____

  • positive pressure

    • protects _____ occupants from contaminants in common hallway

  • negative pressure

    • prevents escape of _____ agents from animal room into common hallway

  1. waste

    1. ammonia

    2. room

    3. disease

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noise effects

  • induces _____

  • hearing _____/_____

  • audiogenic _____

  1. stress

  2. damage/deafness

  3. seizures

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light effects

  • retinal _____

  • _____ formation

  • altered _____ _____

  1. damage

  2. cataracts

  3. circadian rhythm

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intentional exposures

  • anesthetics

  • _____

  • tranquilizers

  • _____ treatments

  • _____

  1. analgesics

  2. parasite

  3. anitbiotics

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unintentional exposures

  • air

  • _____ supply

  • _____

  • bedding

  • _____

  • equipment

  1. water

  2. feed

  3. caging

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overt disease: clinical signs are _____ apparent

readily

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latent disease: animal appears _____, but changes in _____ status, clinical signs are _____ obvious

  1. healthy

  2. immune

  3. not

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impact of disease in a facility

  • introduction of _____

  • _____ of animals

  • _____ impact

  • _____-wide impact

  1. variability

  2. loss

  3. economic

  4. facility

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