Titremetric Method (copy)

It determines concentration of the solution by measuring its volume

Titrimetric Method

It is based on chemical reaction between the analyte and the titrant

Analyte + Titrant = Product

Principle of titrimetric method

It measures the volume of a solution that needs to react essentially completely with the analyte

Volumetric Titrimetry

It measures the mass of the reagent instead of its volume

Gravimetric Titrimetry

It has reagent that is constant direct to the electrical current of a known magnitude that consumes the analyte

Coulometric Titrimetry

It has reagent to a known concentration to carry out a titrimetric analysis

Standard solution/Standard titrant

Performed by adding a standard solution from a burret or other liquid despensing device until the reaction between the two solution is judged completely.

Titration

It is determined from the difference between the initial and final volume readings

Titration

It is reached when the amount of added titrant is chemically equivalent to the amount of analyte in the sample

Equivalence point in the titrant

Point of titration when a physical change occurs that is associated with the condition of the chemical

End point of titration

It is added to the analyte solution to produced an observable physical change at or near the equivalence point

Indicators

What is the 3 physical change in titration when the indicator is added?

1) Appearance or Disappearance of color

2) Change in color

3) Appearance or Disappearance of turbidity

During titration process, _______ stand and clamp with a white porcelain base to provide an appropriate background for viewing indicator changes

Burette

It contains the precisely known volume of solution to be titrated

Wide-mouth Erlenmeyer flask

This apparatus is used when the solution is normally delivered into the flask

Pipette

In what ml does burette is filled with titrant solution?

Within 1 or 2 mL

In what mL does the initil volume of the burette is read?

Nearest ± 0.01 mL

It is the difference in volume and mass between the equivalence point and the end point

Titration Error (Et)

It represents as the actual volume of reagent required to reach the end point

V ep (Vep)

It represents as the theoretical volume of the reagent required to reach the equivalence point V eq.

V eq (Veq)

It is highly purited compound that serves as a reference material in all volumetric and mass titrimetric methods

Primary Standards

A compund whose priority has been established by chemical analysis and serves as the reference material for titrimetric method

Secondary Standards

It is a method in which a carefully weighed quantity of primary standard is dissolved in a suitable solvent and dilluted to a known volume in volumetric flask

Direct Method

It is a method in which the titrant to be standardized is use to titrate

Standardization

The concentration of standard solutions are generally expressed in units of either ___________.

molarity c or normality CN.

It gives the number of moles of reagent contained in one liter of solution

Molarity

It gives the number of equivalents of reagent in the same volume

Normality

_______ can be made with considerably great precision and accurancy

Weight measurements

_______ are more easily automated than are volumetric titration

Weight titrations

It is a plot of a concentration-related variable as a function of reagent volume

Titration curve

Give the 2 general types of titration curves

1) Sigmoidal curve

2) Linear segment curve

It is plotted as a function of reagent volume

p-function of analyte

Give the 4 types of titration

1) Acid base titration

2) Complexometric titration

3) Redox titration

4) Precipitation titration

It is a sample of known concentration of acid is estimated with known concentration base or vice versa

Acid-base titration

In this type of titration, the end point is achieved by the formation of a complex molecule

Complexometric Titration

It’s a type of titration where titrant and titrand react to form complex till end point is reached

Complexometric Titration

It is based on the redox reaction (oxidation-reduction) between the analyte and titrant

Redox Titration

It is based on the formation of insoluble precipitates, when the solutions of two reacting substances are brought in contact with each other

Precipitation Titration

It is widely applied to analytical techniques

Titration

Give the 5 areas where titration is being used

1) Agriculture

2) Oil industry

3) Chemical industry

4) Pharmaceuticals

5) Food industry