Acids, Polyatomic Ions, Solubility, etc.

Hydrochloric Acid

HCl

Hydrobromic Acid

HBr

Hydroiodic Acid

HI

Nitric Acid

HNO₃

Sulfuric Acid

H₂SO₄ (first proton only)

Perchloric Acid

H ClO₄

Chloric Acid

H ClO₃

Nitrate

NO₃^-

Sulfate

SO₄^2-

Carbonate

CO₃^2-

Phosphate

PO₄^3-

Ammonium

NH₄⁺

Hydroxide

OH^-

The 8 Strong Bases

Group 1: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH

Group 2: Ca(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂ Ba(OH)₂

Cyanide

CN^-

Permangenate

MnO₄^-

Lithium hydroxide

LiOH (Group 1)

Sodium hydroxide

NaOH (Group 1)

Potassium hydroxide

KOH (Group 1)

Rubidium hydroxide

RbOH (Group 1)

Caesium hydroxide

CsOH (Group 1)

Calcium hydroxide

Ca(OH)₂ (group 2)

Strontium hydroxide

Sr(OH)₂ (group 2)

Barium hydroxide

Ba(OH)₂ (group 2)

Sulfite

SO₃^2-

Sulfide

S^2-

Always Soluble

Na⁺, K⁺, Li⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, C₂H₃O₂

Soluble or insoluble?: Cl-, Br-, I-

Generally Soluble

Soluble or insoluble?: SO₃^2- ,SO₄^2-

Generally Soluble

Soluble or insoluble?: OH-

Generally Insoluble

Soluble or insoluble?: S^2-, CO₃^2-, PO₄^3-, CrO₄^2-

Generally Insoluble

Group 1 metals are:

Soluble

Aqueous means…

something dissolves in water

-ic suffix

Derived from anions ending in -ate

(remember “attic”)

-ous suffix

Derived from anions ending in -ite

(remember “iridocyclitis”)

-ide suffix

indicates a monoatomic (single element) anion

-ate suffix

indicates a higher number of oxygen atoms

-ite suffix

indicates a lower number of oxygen atoms

Ionic bond composition

metal + nonmetal

Covalent/molecular bond composition

nonmetal + nonmetal or metalloid + nonmetal

cations

positively charged ions

anions

negatively charged ions

Why is water (H₂O) neutral?

the positive and negative ions are balanced

Acids

Substances that release hydrogen ions

Bases

Substances that produce hydroxide ions

Salts

ionic compounds formed by the neutralization of an acid and a base

pH Scale

Measures acidity/alkalinity

7 = neutral

< 7 = acidic

> 7 = basic

Acids react with…

metals, bases, and carbonates

Soluble bases are called…

alkalis

Neutralization

Acid + Base —> Salt + Water

Acid + Metal —>

Salt + Hydrogen Gas

Acid + Metal —>

Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Cl-, Br-, and I- are generally soluble, except for when they are combined with:

Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg₂²⁺

SO₃^2- and SO₄^2- are generally soluble, except for when they are combined with:

Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺

OH- is generally insoluble, except for when it is combined with:

Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺ NH₄⁺

S^2-, CO₃^2-, PO₄^3-, and CrO₄^2- are generally insoluble, except for when they are combined with:

Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ NH₄⁺