Unit 3

What is the rate of growth like in early childhood?

It slows down with children growing 2-3 inches/year and gaining 5 pounds/year.

What is nutrition like in early childhood?

Enough calories are eaten, but there is a lacking in vitamins and minerals.

What do gross motor skills lead to?

Increase in physical strength.

What do fine motor skills lead to?

It leads to cognitive development and better skills with fingers.

What is brain development like in early childhood?

There’s an increase in brain matter, pruning, early experiences, and myelination contributing to children’s motor and cognitive abilities.

What is lateralization?

The process of the hemispheres becoming specialized to carry out different functions.

What is the role of the corpus callosum?

Coordinates both sides of the body.

What is plasticity?

Brain’s capacity to change its organization and function in response to experiences.

What are the good things about physical activity in early childhood?

There’s contribution to brain development.

What are the effects of educational programs?

Sesame Street has long lasting positive effects.

What are the effects of noneducational programs?

Association with cognitive and behavior issues.

What is sleep like in early childhood?

Declines by 20% from infancy to early chilhood.

Unintentional injuries are the

leading cause of death among children in their early childhood.

What are the risk factors of injuries?

Impulsivity in children, parents who feel little control, and neighborhood disadvantage.

What is body growth like in middle childhood?

Children grow 2 to 3 inches and gain 5 to 8 pounds a year.

What is gross motor development like in middle childhood?

It starts to become more complex, with advances in flexibility, balance, agility, and strength.

What is fine motor development like in middle childhood?

There’s new interest that come about when development gets better.

What are the most frequent causes of injuries for middle childhood?

Motor accidents.

Obesity is

the most pressing and preventable health problem facing children today.

Why do children today weigh more than ever before?

Eating unhealthy is cheaper and fast food is more convenient for working parents.

What is body image like in middle childhood?

50% of kids aren’t happy with the way they look.

Why do kids in middle childhood not like their bodies?

Peer interactions and exposure to social media.

What is Piaget’s preoperational stage (ages 2-6)?

There’s significant advances in representational thinking.

What is symbolic function?

Symbols become meaningful.

What is causality?

Cannot think logically about cause and effect.

What is centration?

Focusing on one part of a stimulus, excluding other parts.

What is irreversibility?

Child fails to understand that you can reverse a process.

What is animism?

Inanimate objects are alive and have feelings and thoughts.

What is egocentrism?

Inability to take another’s perspective.

When does concrete operational development start?

Age 6 or 7.

What is classification?

Ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension.

What is seriation?

Ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension.

What is inclusion?

Ability to consider relations between a general category and more specific subcategories.

What is transitive inference?

The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.

What is reversibility?

The ability to understand that an object can return to its original state.

What is conservation?

Realizing the properties of an object.

What is the zone of proximal development (Vygotsky)?

Tasks that are too difficult for the child to do along but can be learned with guidance and assistance.

What is scaffolding (Vygotsky)?

Changing the level of support.

What is private speech (Vygotsky)?

Children are talking to themselves so they can do certain activites.

What is attention?

Focusing on cognitive resources.

What is executive attention?

Planning and monitoring.

What is sustained attention?

Remaining focused for an extended period of time.

What is selective attention?

Ability to systematically deploy one’s attention, focusing on relevant information and ignoring distractors.

What is working memory?

The retention of a small amount of information in a readily accessible form

What is executive functioning?

A set of mental skills that include working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control. 

What is meta-memory?

The understanding of one’s memory and ability to use strategies to enhance it.

What is rehersal?

Repeat information in order to learn it.

What is organization?

Grouping or relating material in order to maintain it long term.

What is elaboration?

Expands on what has been learned.

What is suggestibility?

The tendency to fill in gaps in memory with information from others that may well be incorrect.

What is theory of mind?

The ability to infer the existence of mental states and use them as an explanatory device for human behavior.

What is development of Theory of Mind like?

Development begins around age 4 and is achieved by age 5.

What are false belief tasks?

Tasks that require them to demonstrate the understanding that another person can have an incorrect belief.

What is vocabulary like at age 2?

500 words.

What is vocabulary like at age 3?

1000 words.

What is vocabulary like at age 6?

14,000 words.

What is vocabulary like at age 11-12?

50,000+ words.

What is fast mapping?

The ability of children to learn new words very quickly and easily

What is grammar like in early childhood?

The sentences are short but make more sense than telegraphic speech.

What is overregularization?

Adding s to the end of words.

What are pragmatics?

Practically applying our language skills.

What are the psychometric approaches?

IQ tests and individual testing.

What is the Weschler test for kids?

WISC V.

What is Weschler test for adults?

WAIS.

What is the Weschler test for preschoolers?

WPPSI.

What was Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

Analytical, creative, and applied.

What is analytical intelligence according to Sternberg?

Information processing capacities.

What is creative intelligence according to Sternberg?

Insight and the ability to deal with novelty.

What is applied intelligence according to Sternberg?

How people deal with their surroundings.

What are Gardner’s multiple intelligences?

Linguistics, logico-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal.

Academically centered preschool programs are

structured learning environemtns.

Child-centered preschool programs are

constructivist in approach.

How does exposure to poverty change preschool education?

They can have a 30 million word gap and can result in lifelong difference in language competencies.

In elementary school, kids are developing

phonic and math skills.

With children who are bilingual, they can be

slower to grow.

What is ADHD?

Persistent pattern of attention difficulties and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity.

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Social behaviors can be impaired and behaviors are repetitive.

Children with disabilities are educated with

IEPs and LREs.

What is an Individualized Education Plan (IEP)?

Written statement that is specifically tailored for the qualifying student.

What is the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)?

Setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which typical children are educated.

What is Erikson’s stage 3 Initiative vs Guilt?

Kids start to set goals and tackle new tasks, and they are worried about failing to achieve the goals they set.

How is emotional regulation in early childhood?

They understand emotions are caused by external factors, and they understand that desire can motivate emotions.

What is empathy?

The capacity to understand another person’s emotions.

What is prosocial behavior?

Voluntary behavior intended to benefit another.

What is instrumental aggression?

Used to achieve a goal.

What is relational aggression?

Often verbal aggression.

How biology influence emotional regulation?

A lot of the influence comes from the brain and temperament that child has.

What are emotion-coaching parents?

Negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, how to deal with emotions.

What are emotion-dismissive parents?

Deny, ignore, or change negative emotions.

What are authoritative parents like?

Warm and sensitive to children and having firm expecations.

What are authoritarian parents like?

Emphasize behavioral control and obedience.

What is permissive parenting like?

Warm and accepting of kid and have few rules.

What are uninvolved parents like?

Do not notice the child’s need for affection.

What are the cultural differences in parenting styles?

North American parents encourage children to express emotions, and Japanese parents disapprove of strong emotional displays.

What is discipline?

Methods a parent uses to teach and socialize children toward acceptable behavior.

How good is physical punishment?

Only good in the short term but is damaging in the long term.

What is inductive discipline?

Reasoning with the child to help them express their feelings rather than act aggressively.

What is child abuse?

Any intentional harm to a minor, including actions that harm the child physically, emotionally, sexually, and through neglect.

What is resilience?

The ability to respond or perform positively in the face of adversity.

What is the first stage of Piaget’s morality theory?

Heteronomous morality.