elbow + trunk

what is 1

coronoid fossa

what is 2

radial fossa

what is 3

lateral epicondyle

what is 4

capitulum

what is 5 - trochlea

trochlea

what is 6

medial epicondyle

what is 7

medial supracondylar ridge

what is 8

trochlea

what is 9

lateral epicondyle

what is 10

olecranon fossa

non-articular surfaces of the distal humerus

medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa, radial fossa

articular surfaces of the distal humerus

trochlea + capitulum

medial epicondyle of the distal humerus serves as

the attachment site for joint capsule + ulnar collateral ligament + superficial flexor for muscles of the forearm

lateral epicondyle of the distal humerus serves as

the attachment site for radial collateral ligament + superficial extensor muscles of the forearm

radial + coronoid fossae of the distal humerus

shallow depressions on anterior surface of distal humerus

• proximal to the capitulum + trochlea, respectively

• allow close approximation betw humerus + radius + ulna during maximum elbow flexion

olecranon fossa of distal humerus

deep depression on posterior surface of distal humerus

radial collateral ligament resists what

varus torques + prevents elbow adduction

ulnar collateral ligament resists what

valgus torques + prevents elbow abduction

varus force

an abnormal inward turning of a bone

• adduction

valgus force

an abnormal outward turning of a bone

• abduction

what is tennis elbow

inflammation, soreness, or pain on the lateral side of the upper arm near elbow

• caused by microtrauma to wrist extensor muscle insertion

what is golfer’s elbow

inflammation, soreness, or pain on the medial side of upper arm near elbow

• caused by repeated forcful wrist flexion + valgus torque on elbow

what is little league elbow

avulsion fracture of medial epicondylar apophysis

• not due to pitch type, but due to throwing motion

what happens during biceps brachii elbow flexion

radius rolls over biceps tendon as forearm pronates

what happens during brachioradialis elbow flexion

angle of pull = vertical when forearm is neutral, effectiveness decreases as forearm pronates + supinates

what happens during brachialis elbow flexion

unaffect by forearm pronation + supination = elbow flexor goat

thoracic + pelvic vertebral curvature

concave

what is considered a primary curvature

concave

• thoracic + pelvic

what is considered a secondary curvature

convex

• cervical + lumbar

which direction does the thoracic spine curve

curves anteriorly

which direction does the cervical + lumbar spine curve

in the posterior direction

what do spinal curves do

enable the spine to absorb blows + shocks

why do vertebrae inc in size going down

bc they have to bear more weight

how many fused vertebrae do we have

9

what is the first cervical vertebrae

atlas

• no body, spinous process, or intervertebral disc w/ C2 (axis)

what is the second cervical vertebrae

axis

antalooccipital joint consists of the

occipital condyle + superior articular surface of atlas

what kind of joint is the antalooccipital joint

a synovial joint

• synovial membrane, no disc

the occipital condyloid does what

allows for flexion + extension, lateral flexion

antaloaxial joint consists of what

atlas + axis

what kind of joint is the antaloaxial joint

a synovial pivot joint

what kind of motion occurs @ the atlantoaxial joint

most cervical rotation + most mobile joint

• head rotation - no

what kind of motion occurs @ the atlantooccipital joint

capital flexion + extension

• nodding head yes

thoracic vertebrae joints

• costovertebral

• costotransverse

thoracic vertebrae rotations are

limited in extension + flexion

what joint is found articulating w/ the sacrum

sacroiliac joint

what ligament prevents spinal extension

anterior longitudinal vertebral ligament

what ligament prevents spinal flexion

posterior longitudinal vertebral ligament

what ligaments surround the spinous process

supraspinous ligament + interspinous ligament

what ligament helps maintain curvature

ligamentum flavum

what ligament is found on the back of the neck

ligamentum nuchae

what are characteristics of ligamentum nuchae

superior portion of supraspinous ligament

• thick + strong

• replaces supraspinal + interspinal ligament fr base of skull - C7

where are intertransverse ligaments found

@ the transverse processes going down to the next transverse process

what is kyphosis

abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature going backwards

what is lordosis

abnormal increase in lumbar curvature (secondary)

kyphosis example

hunchback of notre dame

lordosis example

nicki minaj

what is hypolordosis

= flat back

• abnormally curving cervical or lumbar spine

• common in old ppl + leads to posterior disc herniation

what is scoliosis

a lateral curvature

what is hyperlordosis

common mechanism of back injury/pain in younger ppl

• muscular spasm + nerve impingement

how many pairs of ribs do we have

12

how many pairs of true ribs attach to the sternum

7 pairs

how many pairs of false ribs do we have

5 pairs in total

• 3 pairs attach indirectly to sternum

• 2 pairs float w/ free ends

all ribs attach where on the vertebrae

posteriorly on thoracic vertebrae

regions of the intervertebral disc

annulus fibrousus + nucleus pulposus

what is the annulus fibrosus

outer rim of dense fibrocartilage

what is the nucleus pulposus

central gelatinous pulpy substance

what happens in a herniated disc

nucleus pulposus protrudes through annulus + puts pressure on spinal nerve

how does disc herniation occur

due to flexion → posterior herniation

spinal flexion

anterior movement of spine

• in cervical direction head moves toward chest

• in lumbar region the thorax moves toward pelvis

spinal extension

return fr flexion/posterior movement of spine

• in cervical spine, head moves away fr chest

• thorax moves away fr pelvis

lateral flexion

= side bending

• head moves laterally toward the shoulder + thorax moves laterally toward pelvis

reduction

return movement fr lateral flexion → neutral

spinal rotation

rotary movement of spine in horizontal plane

• chin rotates fr neutral toward shoulder + thorax rotates to one side

muscles in the erector spinae group

spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

abdominal wall muscles attach into what

fascia around abdominal area

external intercostals do what during breathing

expand the chest volume when they contract

internal intercostals do what during breathing

decrease chest volume during contraction

diaphragm does what during breathing

contracts + flattens, increasing thoracic volume + air is inspired to equalize pressure