HUNGER, EATING AND HEALTH

Levels of insulin

are positively correlated with body fat.

Leptin

is a hormone that helps with maintain a normal weight in long- term and inhibits the feeling of hunger.

adipose tissue

Promotes the storage of glycogen in the liver and muscle, fat in \________ and proteins in muscle.

Gastric bypass

surgical treatment that involves short- circuiting the normal path of food through the digestive tract so that its absorption is reduced.

three forms of energy

Lipids, Amino acids, Glucose

three types of energy storage

Fats (85% of energy), Protein, Glycogen

Cephalic Phase

controlled by the brain, initiated by sight, smell thought or expectations of food; causes controlled release of insulin; it ends when nutrients from food start to be absorbed into the bloodstream

Absorptive Phase

nutrients from a meal are used to satisfy the immediate energy requirements, the excess is stored away

Fasting Phase

all of the non-stored nutrients have been used up and the body is withdrawing energy from its reserves (fat) to meet the immediate energy requirements; it ends when the next cephalic stage begins

Glugostatic theory

a person becomes hungry when their glucose levels drop significantly below their set-point

Lipostatic theory

every person has a fat set-point and deviations from it lead to changes in the levels of eating

Positive-Incentive Perspective

suggests that people are usually not driven to eat by an energy deficit but are drawn by the anticipated pleasure of eating

Serotonergic Agonists

were shown to decrease food consumption, they seem to increase short-term satiety signals;

Gastric bypass

surgical treatment that involves short-circuiting the normal path of food through the digestive tract so that its absorption is reduced

Adjustable gastric band procedure

positioning a hollow silicon band around the stomach to reduce the flow of food, an advantage of this method is that the band can be removed

Role of insulin:

Promotes use of glucose as the primary energy source Promotes the conversion of bloodborne fuels into forms that can be stored: glucose to glycogen and fat, amino acids into proteins Promotes the storage of glycogen in the liver and muscle, fat in adipose tissue and proteins in muscle

Role of glucagon:

Promotes the release of fatty acids and using them as the primary fuel Stimulates conversion of free fatty acids to ketones, which are used as energy sources by the muscles

Anorexia Nervosa:

Eating disorder resulting in underconsumption of food, which results in life threatening weight loss

Anorexic compilations:

reduced metabolism bradycardia (slow heart rate)

hypotension (low blood pressure)

hypothermia (low body temperature)

anemia (deficiency of red blood cells)

Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by periods of not eating interrupted by bingeing (eating large amount of food in a short time period) and then purging

Bulimic complications

Irritation and inflammation of the throat

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies

Electrolyte imbalance

Dehydration

Acid reflux

Relationship between Anorexia and Bulimia:

Might be variants of the same disorder

Existing treatments rarely work usually only the short-term ones and relapse is common

Distorted body image

Both are comorbid with OCD and depression