BIOL 411

The citric acid cycle breaks down glucose in the _________ while ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the _______.

mitochondrial matrix; inner membrane of the mitochondria

In the absence of oxygen,

Pyruvate is fermented into lactate to regenerate NAD+

Each round of the citric acid cycle begins when the four-carbon molecule oxaloacetate is converted to the six-carbon molecule citrate. As the cycle progresses, two carbons are eliminated as oxaloacetate regenerates. At the start of the cycle the two-carbon is supplied by ____ and the two eliminated carbons are released as ______.

acetyl-CoA; CO2

During the energy investment phase of glycolysis, ___________

one glucose molecule is converted into two G3P molecules

which statement is false?

Glycolysis only accepts glucose as a fuel source

Which of the following indicates a primary path by which electrons travel downhill energetically during aerobic respiration?

glucose —> NADH —> electron transport chain —> oxygen

What happens during the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin Cycle?

the lone carbon from CO2 is combined with the 5-carbon ribulose biphosphate

what applies to the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin Cycle in hot, arid climates?

stroma are enclosed, CO2 decreases and O2 accumulates

An alternative mechanism, photorespiration, takes over, and fixes O2

Which of the following do not apply to catabolism in cellular respiration?

carbohydrates produce more ATP than fats, in a per gram basis

which of the following statements describes a primary function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

to oxidize FADH2 to NAD+

Which of the following does not apply to choloroplasts?

they comprise an inner and outer membrane, plus a third membrane called stroma

the _______ phase that occurs during the Calvin Cycle used the high energy molecules generated during the light reactions to eventually produce a small carbohydrate.

reduction

The high energy electron carriers for cellular respiration are __________ and photosynthesis uses ___________; they are reduced to move electrons

NAD+ and FAD; NADP+

Which of the following processes must regenerate the carbon acceptor molecule to continue the cycle?

both cellular respiration and photosynthesis

which of the following reactions reduces oxygen to form water

cellular respiration only

Which of the following components of cellular respiration extract the greatest amount of energy from the fuel source?

Citric Acid Cycle

Photosynthesis has two stages.

The light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membrane and the Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma

which of the following does not apply to redox reactions?

Redox reactions only occur during cellular respiration

the light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin Cycle with

ATP and NADPH

Where are ATP synthase complexes located in the plant cell?

thylakoid membranes and inner mitochondrial membranes

Where does glycolysis occur in Eukaryotic cells?

the cytoplasm

which of the following does not apply to the regeneration phase of the calvin cycle?

NADH is required

Which chemical process generates the ATP produced during the citric acid cycle?

substrate-level phosphorylation

NADH comprises

Nicotinamide+base+ribose+phosphate

In chemiosmosis in mitochondria, protons flow from the inter-membrane space into the matrix. Inn what direction do protons flow during chemiosmosis in chloroplasts?

from the thylakoid space into the stroma

If coenzymes like NAD+ acquires a hydrogen atom (both the proton and electron), then this molecule is _______ as the reaction progresses.

reduced

the process of cellular repiration are collectively ______, while to processes of photosynthesis are collectively ________.

catabolic; anabolic

The concentration is glucose is higher outside the cell than inside the cell. Glucose gets into the cell by-

Facilitated diffusion via a GLUT transporter

Molecules present in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be used

in catabolic and anabolic pathways

the citric acid cycle is also known as

The Krebs cycle and the Tricarboxylic cycle

in the absence of oxygen, cells generate ATP _________

using anaerobic respiration or fermentation with glycolysis

Which is a false statement about NAD+

two electrons and one hydrogen are transferred to it by hydrogenase enzymes

Animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air containing less oxygen. The consumed oxygen is used:

as the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain

In aerobic cellular respiration, the approximate yield of ATP molecules from the full oxidation of a molecule of glucose is:

32

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic cellular respiration, and fermentation?

glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose during Glycolysis begins with one 6-Carbon carbohydrate and results in

Two 3-Carbon pyruvate molecules

Which of the following occur in plant cells?

Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis

where are the protein complexes of the electron transport chain located in a eukaryotic cell?

inner miochondrial membrane

Which of the following apply to photosystems I and II?

They consist of a reaction-center complex that holds a special chlorophyll a and a primary electron acceptor

The proton motive force is-

All the choices

related to the unequal distribution of protons across a membrane

related to chmiosmosis

drives the synthesis of ATP

which of the following processes requires a terminal electron acceptor?

both cellular respiration and photosynthesis

which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs

autotrophs can nourish themselves by building a feul source using a process that starts with CO2

How is the proton gradient generated in the mitochondria?

the complexes of the electron transport chain use the energy from the movement of the electrons to pump protons into the intermembrane space

Photosynthesis is comprised of the _____, in which H2O is split, and _____, in which CO2 is fixed.

llight reactions; the Calvin cycle

which of these reactions summarizes the overall reaction of photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

The pH in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria should be _____ compared to that of the matrix, due to the _____ concentration of protons in the intermembrane space

lower; higher

within the electromagnetic spectrum, photosynthesis is powered by

visible light

Which of the following reactions produces the oxygen released by photosynthesis?

splitting of water molecules

Photophosphorylation in photosynthesis is most similar to which of the following process associated with cellular respiration?

Light energy is converted to chemical energy in the _____ of a plant cell

thylakoid membrane

suppose you discovered a mutant strain of spinach in which the thylakoid membranes were slightly permeable to protons, thus allowing slow leakage. How might this defect alter the yield of ATP or NADPH from the light reactions?

ATP yield would increase

On one of the slides it says “six ATP and six NADPH are required to produce six molecules of G3P, but only one exits the cycle for use by the cell.” How were these numbers determined?

To come up with these numbers, it would require three turns of the Calvin cycle and fixing three CO2 molecules

The effect of high levels of ADP is to ________ in cellular respiration.

increase the activity of specific enzymes

Beta-oxidation is _______

the breakdown of fatty acids

Chemiosmosis involves ________.

the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane

During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs?

ATP is made