CSUF CHEM 100 Midterm 3 Study Guide

Prof. Beena Mathews

Acidic or Basic: Ph = 1

Acidic

Acidic or Basic: Ph = 12

Basic

What is a Ph of 7

neutral

What does a strong acid/base do?

Completely ionizes in a solution

What does a weak acid/base do?

Partially ionizes in a solution

Arrhenius Theory of ACIDS

H+ ions are produced in a solution

Arrhenius Theory of BASES

OH- ions are produced in a solution

What are the 2 sources for acid rain

Sulfur dioxide from power plants (burning coal)

and

Nitrogen oxides from combusion

Fossil Fuels

Fuels formed from decayed organic matter over millions of years

How is crude oil refined?

Fractional Distillation

• heated in a furnace

• becomes a vapor and enters the distillation column

• separated into different fractions according to BOILING POINT

• vapor condenses to a liquid

Do hydrocarbons with more carbon atoms have lower boiling points?

No

Oxidation or Reduction Reaction:

Na^+ + e- —→ Na

Reduction - because e- is on the left

Oxidation or Reduction Reaction:

C + 2O²- —→ CO2 + 4e-

Oxidation - because e- is on the right

Which side of the fuel cell does oxidation happen?

anode

Which way do electrons flow in a fuel cell?

form the anode to the cathode

List the advantages of a fuel cell:

H2O is released

Cradle-to-Cradle

plans for a second use of the original product

• recycling (cans/bottles)

Cradle to Grave

consumer uses product then disposes of it (no second use intended)

• goes to landfill or incinerator

Which type of polymer is more easily recycled?

Thermoplastic because they can be heated to a melting point and can form other products using molds.

Is this hydrophobic or Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic

Benefits of using GMOs

• better crop yield

• increased vitamin content in foods

• crops become resistant to pests/herbicides

Saturated Fatty acids

Bad for your health

• single bonds

• solids at room temp

Unsaturated fatty acids

Better for your health

• double bonds

• liquids at room temp

Which functional group does this belong to?

• carboxylic acid

• Alkyne

• Amine

• Amide

• Alkane

• Alkene

• Aldehyde

• Ketone

carboxylic Acid

Which functional group does this belong to?

• carboxylic acid

• Alkyne

• Amine

• Amide

• Alkane

• Alkene

• Aldehyde

• Ketone

Alkyne

Which functional group does this belong to?

• carboxylic acid

• Alkyne

• Amine

• Amide

• Alkane

• Alkene

• Aldehyde

• Ketone

Amine

Which functional group does this belong to?

• carboxylic acid

• Alkyne

• Amine

• Amide

• Alkane

• Alkene

• Aldehyde

• Ketone

Amide

Which functional group does this belong to?

• carboxylic acid

• Alkyne

• Amine

• Amide

• Alkane

• Alkene

• Aldehyde

• Ketone

Alkane

Which functional group does this belong to?

• carboxylic acid

• Alkyne

• Amine

• Amide

• Alkane

• Alkene

• Aldehyde

• Ketone

Aldehyde

Which functional group does this belong to?

• carboxylic acid

• Alkyne

• Amine

• Amide

• Alkane

• Alkene

• Aldehyde

• Ketone

Alkene

Which functional group does this belong to?

• carboxylic acid

• Alkyne

• Amine

• Amide

• Alkane

• Alkene

• Aldehyde

• Ketone

Ketone

which has the least distance between atoms

triple bonds

which has the most bond energy

triple bonds

What do hydrocarbons contain

only C & H

What is a heteroatom

any atom that is NOT: C or H

Acedic Ph

< 7

Basic Ph

> 7

Normal Rain Ph

5.6

What does the Clean Air Act do?

regulate emissions

Example of Fossil Fuels

Coal, Oil, Natural Gas

Combusion Produces:

CO2,, H20, and Energy

Major Greenhouse gasses

CO2, CH4, N2O, water vapor

What happens in an oxidation reaction

electrons are lost

What happens in a reduction reaction

electrons are gained

What is the great pacific garbage patch

a rotating current trapping plastic waste

What are plastics?

long chain polymers made from monomers

Which resin code is most easily disposed of

#1

Nutrients

Substances needed for life

Macronutrients

carbs, fats, proteins

Micronutrients

vitamins/minerals

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

biomolecules

biological molecules

complete proteins

have all essential amino acids

Monosaccharides

glucose fructose

Disaccharides

sucrose lactose

polysaccharide

starch cellulose

simple sugars

mono + di

complex carbs

polysaccharides

Whole grains

includes the bran, germ, and endosperm

refined grains

only contains the endosperm

How does digestion work?

• food is put into the mouth

• salive starts breaking it down

• moves to the stomach

• then the intestine

• makes glucose

What are lipids

• mostly nonpolar

• hydrophobic

aromatic

benzene rings

properties of acids

conduct electricity in solution, are corrosive, and react with metals to produce hydrogen gas and with bases to form a salt and water

properties of bases

bitter-tasting, feel slippery, and turn red litmus paper blue. They have a pH greater than 7

What is acid rain?

acids that have been dissolved in water

energy

the ability to apply a force over a distance

power

is the amount of energy generated or used in a certain amount of time

watt

number of joules of energy transferred per second

First Law of Thermodynamics

states that energy cannot be created or destroyed

What is released during the combustion process?

energy, CO2, and H2O

What is an electrochemical?

a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons, either generating an electric current or using electricity to drive a chemical change

What is Electrosis?

direct electric current (DC) to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction,

What is a fuel cell?

 device that can produce power from certain chemical reactions 

What is the definition of life cycle assessment?

a systematic method to evaluate the environmental impacts of a product, process, or service throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal

lightweighting

strategically reducing the mass of an object or component while maintaining or improving its required mechanical properties

what type of polymers are more easily biodegradable and why?

aliphatic polyesters and polyamides

Kevlar polymer

Strong

crystallite

small, distinct, and ordered region within a solid material where atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating crystal lattice structure

Hydrophobic

hates water

Hydrophilic

Water loving

Make Plastic Cups

• crude oil obtained

• Refine that crude oil

  • Drilling and refining require energy

• Petroleum byproducts used to make plastic need to be transported to a factory to make the cups

• All of the energy is accounted for in these steps

• The cups are being made

  • Packaging and raw materials

• Transported to a distribution center

• Consumer purchases

• Recycled or landfill or incinerate