Anat. and Phys. Unit 1 Exam

Unit 1 vocab

anatomy

the study of structure; shape

physiology

study of function; what it does

inspection

viewing to gain medical information

palpation

feeling, touching to gain medical information

auscultation

listening, usually with a stethoscope, to gain medical information

percussion

tapping to gain medical information

cadaver dissection

cutting and separating human body tissues to reveal tissue relationships; gross anatomy class in grad school

comparative anatomy

study of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution

medical imaging

viewing the inside of the body without surgery

radiology

branch of medicine concerned with imaging

radiography (x-ray)

oldest method; high radiation power; dense tissues (bone) appear white; over half of all medical imaging

radiopaque substances

injected or swallowed; fills hollow structures (blood vessels/intestinal tract) to show soft tissue abnormalities

computed tomography (CT scan)

low intensity x-rays and computer analysis; low radiation power

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

superior quality to CT scans; best for soft tissues; flips polarity of electrons and when flipped back they emit radio waves which are used to create the images

position emission tomography (PET scan)

accesses metabolic state of tissue; distinguishes tissues most active at a given moment; mechanics→inject radioactively labeled glucose

sonography

ultrasounds; second oldest and second most widely used; high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs (echolocation); avoids harmful x-rays (radiation)

gross anatomy

study of structure that can be see with the naked eye; cadavers; no microscopes; gross=big

histology

examination of tissues with microscope; histo=cell/tissue

cytology

study of structure and function of cells; cyto=cells

the hierarchy of complexity

organisms composed of organ systems composed of organs composed of tissues composed of cells composed of organelles composed of molecules composed of atoms

anatomical variation

no two humans are exactly alike; anatomy books use most common organization

situs inversus

left to right reversal of organ placement

Organization (Characteristics of life)

living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things

cellular composition (Characteristics of life)

living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

metabolism (Characteristics of life)

internal chemical reaction

responsiveness (Characteristics of life)

ability to sense and react to stimuli; irritability or excitability

homeostasis (Characteristics of life)

maintaining relatively stable internal conditions

development (Characteristics of life)

differentiation and growth

reproduction (Characteristics of life)

producing copies of themselves; passing genes to offspring

aging

all changes occurring in the body with the passage of time; growth; development, and degenerative changes that occur later in life

senescence

the degeneration that occurs in organ systems after the age of peak functional efficiency; gradual loss of reserve capacities, reduced ability to repair damage and compensate for stress, and increased susceptibility to disease; cause is unclear

resistance

exercise that reduces bone fractures by putting stress on skeletal system which then causes denser bone

endurance

exercise that reduces body fat and increases cardiac output and oxygen uptake

life expectancy

average length of life in a given population

life span

maximum age attainable by humans; currently 122 years

negative feedback

allows for dynamic equilibrium within a limited range around a set point; response is opposite of the stimulus

receptor

structure that sense change in the body

integrating (control) center

processes the sensory information, “makes a decision”, and directs the response

effector

cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis.

positive feedback

self-amplifying cycle = leads to greater change in the same direction; response is the same as the stimulus; feedback loop is repeated; ex. childbirth, blood clotting

gradient

a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points; matter and energy tend to flow down gradients (high→ low)

minerals

organic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans; no carbon; 4% of body weight; important for enzyme function

electrolytes

mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function; minerals in water dissolve to ions; substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electrical current

hydrogen bond

a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen atom of another

hydrophilic

substances that dissolve in water; polar; water loving

hydrophobic

substances that do not dissolve in water; nonpolar; water fearing

acid

a proton donor; releases H+ ions in water; H+>OH-; increase in hydrogen ions = decrease in pH

base

a proton acceptor; accepts H+ ions, releases OH- ions; H+

kinetic energy

energy of motion

potential energy

energy stored in an object, but not currently doing work

chemical energy

potential energy in molecular bonds

catalyst

lowers activation energy; speeds up reaction without increasing the temperature

enzyme

biological catalyst in human body; protein

macromolecules

very large organic molecules with high molecular weights

polymers

macromolecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits

monomers

subunits of polymers

polymerization

joining monomers to form a polymer

hydrolysis

digestion of covalent bonds linking monomers; water molecule added to ionize (break apart) the bond

dehydration synthesis

how living cells form polymers; removal of a single water molecule creates bond between two monomers; water is a by product

carbohydrates

hydrophilic organic molecules; energy source = all digested converted to glucose

monosaccharides

one sugar

glucose

most important to human body; six-sided ring; monosaccharide

galactose

6-sided ring; monosaccharide

fructose

5-sided ring; monosaccharide

disaccharides

sugar made of two monosaccharides

sucrose

disaccharide; table sugar

lactose

disaccharide; sugar in milk

maltose

disaccharide; sugar in grain products

polysaccharides

long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50)

glycogen

energy stored in cells of liver, muscle, brain, uterus, and vagina; naturally in humans

starch

energy storage in plants that is digestible by humans; not naturally in humans

cellulose

structural molecule in plants that is important for human dietary fiber but is not digestible by us

lipids

hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ration of hydrogen to oxygen; high caloric density = more calories per gram than carbs

triglycerides

neutral fats; three fatty acids linked to glycerol; at room temperature liquid= unsaturated (oil) solid= saturated (lard); energy storage, insulation and shock absorption; endocrine tissue

trans-fatty acids

related to heart disease

cis-fatty acids

higher energy state; easy to remove from the body; bent

phospholipids

similar to triglycerides but one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group

amphipathic

fatty acid “tails” are hydrophobic, phosphate “head” is hydrophilic.

phospholipid bilayer

structural foundation of cell membrane

steroid

a lipid with 17 carbon atoms in four rings; cholesterol, cortisol, progesterone, testosterone; lipids

cholesterol

the “parent” steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized; nervous system function and structural integrity of cell membrane

Protein

a polymer of amino acids

conformation

unique, three-dimensional shape of protein crucial to function

denaturation

extreme conformational change that destroys function; caused by extreme heat or pH

primary (protein) structure

sequence of amino acids which is encoded in the genes

secondary (protein) structure

coiled or folded shape held together by covalent peptide bonds; alpha helix= spring-like shape; beta helix= pleated, ribbon-like sheets

tertiary (protein) structure

further bending and folding of alpha and beta helixes; hydrophobic-hydrophilic interaction

quaternary (protein) structure

associations of two or more polypeptide chains due to ionic bonds and hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions; not all proteins reach this structure; hemoglobin

protein function

structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis (enzymes), recognition and protection, movement, and cell adhesion

nucleic acids

polymer of nucleotides; information storage and transfer

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

storage; contains millions of nucleotides; constitutes genes; instructions for protein synthesis; double stranded = more stable

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

messenger, ribosomal, and transfer; carries out genetic instruction for protein synthesis; single stranded

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

most important energy transfer molecule; stores energy gained from exergonic) reactions; energy currency (fast like “cash in hand”)

cell theory

all organisms composed of cells and cell products; cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life; structure and function are due to activities of cells; cells come only from preexisting cells; biochemical similarities

squamous

thin, flat, scaly cells

cuboidal

square-is looking cells

columnar

cells that are taller than they are wide

light microscope

revealed plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

transmission electron microscope

improved resolution; ability to reveal detail

scanning electron microscope

improved resolution further but only for surface features