Valvular Diseases Flashcards

Flashcards about valvular diseases, murmurs, aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, aortic regurgitation, pulmonary regurgitation, mitral stenosis, and tricuspid stenosis based on lecture notes.

How are murmurs divided?

Systolic/diastolic and right/left.

What are the causes of aortic stenosis?

Aging, bicuspid valve, and rheumatic fever.

What symptoms develop when aortic stenosis is moderately severe?

Exercise-induced syncope, angina, and dyspnea.

What is the most obvious auscultatory finding in aortic stenosis?

Ejection systolic murmur that is usually diamond-shaped (crescendo–decrescendo).

What are the causes of pulmonary stenosis?

Usually a congenital lesion but rarely from rheumatic fever or from the carcinoid syndrome.

What kind of murmur is heard with pulmonary stenosis, and when is it best heard?

Harsh mid-systolic ejection murmur, best heard on inspiration, associated with thrill.

What are the most frequent causes of mitral regurgitation?

Degenerative (myxomatous) disease, ischemic heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, and infective endocarditis.

What kind of murmur is heard with mitral regurgitation, and where is it loudest?

Pansystolic murmur, loudest at the apex.

What are the signs of mitral regurgitation?

Laterally displaced (forceful) diffuse apex beat and a systolic thrill (if severe).

What three conditions cause pansystolic murmurs?

Mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, and VSD.

What are the two types of tricuspid regurgitation, and what are their causes?

Functional (related to other diseases) or organic (from rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis).

What kind of murmur is heard with tricuspid regurgitation, and where is it best heard?

Blowing pansystolic murmur, best heard on inspiration at the lower left sternal edge.

What are the causes of aortic regurgitation?

Endocarditis and diseases affecting the aortic root like Marfan syndrome.

What kind of murmur is heard with aortic regurgitation, and where is it best heard?

High-pitched early diastolic murmur, best heard at the left sternal edge in the fourth intercostal space with the patient leaning forwards and the breath held in expiration.

What commonly causes pulmonary regurgitation?

Dilation of pulmonary valve or following tetralogy of Fallot repair.

What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

Rheumatic fever (group A β-haemolytic streptococcus).

What kind of murmur is heard with mitral stenosis, and how should the patient be positioned to hear it best?

Low-pitched, ‘rumbling’, mid-diastolic murmur at the apex and the patient lying on the left side in expiration.

What additional sounds are heard with mitral stenosis?

Loud S1 and an opening snap.

What are the symptoms of prominent tricuspid stenosis?

Abdominal pain (hepatomegaly), abdominal distension (ascites) and peripheral oedema.

What kind of murmur is heard with tricuspid stenosis, and where is it best heard?

Rumbling mid-diastolic murmur, which is heard best at the lower left sternal edge and is louder on inspiration + Opening snap !

Which of the following physical exam findings is most characteristic of severe aortic stenosis?

Crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur at the right second intercostal space.

Which physical examination finding is most
associated with mitral regurgitation?

Holosystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border

Which of the following is a common cause of mitral stenosis?

Rheumatic fever

What is a classic auscultatory finding in mitral stenosis?

Loud S1 with an opening snap