Unit 5: Revolutions

John Locke (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-Author of Two Treatises of Government, 1690

-He argued that the social contract implied the right, even the responsibility, of citizens to revolt against unjust government

-He thought that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property 

-Influenced the ideas in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), in which he proposed that a child was born with a mind like tabula rasa waiting to be filled with knowledge.

Social Contract (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-A philosophical theory that explains the origin and legitimacy of government

Tabula Rasa (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-A philosophical concept meaning “blank slate,” suggesting that individuals are born without innate knowledge and that all knowledge comes from experiences and perception

Philosophes (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-In the 18th century, a new group of thinkers and writers

-They explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways

Baron Montesquieu (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-His famous work The Spirit of Laws (1748) praised the British government’s use of checks on power because it had a Parliament

-He influenced the American system, which adopted his ideas of the three branches of government

Voltaire (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-Francois-Marie Arouet

-Known for his social satire Candide (1762)

-He was famous for his wit, advocacy of civil liberties, like freedom of speech and religion, and his strong criticism of traditional authority and organized religion

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-He expanded on the idea of the social contract as it had passed down through the work of Hobbes and Locke

-He laid out his ideas on child-rearing and education in his work Education (1762)

-In The Social Contract, he presented the concept of the General Will 

Enlightenment (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-As empires expanded and trade routes led to more interactions, intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries such as Descartes began to emphasize reason over tradition and individualism over community values

Deism (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-The Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason led some thinkers to reexamine the relationship of humans to God

-The belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion

Liberalism (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-A group of political, social, and economic theories that are based on liberty, equality, and consent of the governed

Conservatism (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-A belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectability

Empiricism (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-The belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments. Rather than relying on reasoning about principles provided by tradition or religion. 

Nationalism (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture

Classical Liberalism (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches 

Feminism (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-The movement for women’s rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas

Abolitionism (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people, gained followers in the 18th century

Theodor Herzl [Zionism] (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East

Dreyfus Affair (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-Support for Zionism increased after a scandal in France

Adam Smith (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-One of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment

-The Wealth of Nations (1776), he responded to mercantilism by calling for freer trade

-He advocated for laissez-faire

-He defined the importance of free markers, the “invisible hand” of self-interest guiding economic activity, and the division of labor

The Wealth of Nations (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-The 1776 book by Adam Smith that argued for free-market economy by emphasizing the benefits of self-interest, division of labor, and competition over mercantilism

Iaissez-faire (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-A French phrase for “leave alone”

-Meant that governments should reduce their intervention in economic devisions

Capitalism (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-An economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned an operated for profit 

Socialism (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-A system of public of direct workers ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mine coal

Utopian Socialists (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-Those who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities

Henri de Saint-Simon (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-He believed that scientists and engineers, working together with businesses, could operate clean, efficient, beautiful places to work that produced things useful to society

-He advocated for public works that would provide employment

-He proposed building for Suez Canal in Egypt

Charles Fourier (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-He identified some 810 passions that, when encouraged, would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired

-He believed that a fundamental principle of utopia was harmonious living in communities rather than the class struggle that was basic to the thinking of Karl Marx

Robert Owen (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-He established intentional communities, small societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism, in New Lanark, Scotland, and New Harmony, Indiana

-He believed in education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rulers to govern work, education, and leisure time 

Fabian Society (5.1 The Enlightenment)

-In the later 19th century, socialist groups such as the ______ formed in England

-They favored reforming society by parliamentary means

Declaration of Independence (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-On July 4, 1776, it was signed

-It expressed the philosophy behind the colonists’ fight against British rule

Philosophes (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-Intellectuals who championed reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, advocating for reforms based on rational thought

Declaration of the Rights of Man (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-A statement declaring basic human rights

-A document from the French Revolution, adopted on July 14, 1789, that established the fundamental rights of all citizens, such as liberty, equality, and fraternity 

Reign of Terror (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-A period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the kind and queen, sprang from the Jacobins

Liberte, egalite, et fraternite (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-A French slogan that means liberty, equality, and fraternity

Haiti (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-The western third of the island of St. Domingue, also known as Hispaniola

Toussaint L’Ouverture (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-American and French revolutions led former slave to join the revolts in 1791 and then to lead a general rebellion against slavery

-He proved to be a capable general

Simon Bolivar (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-A creole that continued to push for Enlightenment ideals in Latin America

-He became instrumental in the independence of areas that became Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru

Lola Rodriguez de Tio (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-She became famous for her eloquent critiques of Spain’s exploitive rule over Puerto Rico

-A Puerto Rican poet and revolutionary known for her anti-colonial and nationalist writings that fueled movements for independence in Puerto Rico and Cuba

Propaganda Movement (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-A late 19th-century cultural and political campaign by Filipino intellectuals in Europe to achieve reforms in the Philippines under Spanish rule

-People contributed to magazines, pamphlets, and other publications advocating for greater autonomy for the Philippines 

Realpolitik (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-A pragmatic, strategic approach to politics that prioritizes practical and national interests over ideology or moral considerations

Giuseppe Mazzini (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-He had been agitating for Italian resurgence since early in the 19th century

Risorgimento (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-Italian resurgence

Giuseppe Garibaldi (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-An Italian general, nationalist, and revolutionary who played a critical role in the 19th century unification of Italy, knwon as the Risorgimento

Immigration (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-The movement of people into the country from other countries

Otto Von Bismarck (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-He was a Prussian leader

-He liked Cavour favored realpolitik, used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification 

Ottomanism (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-A movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state

-The 1870s and 1880s saw the development in the Ottoman state

Maroons (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-The slave revolt was soon joined by escaped slaves called ___

Mestizos (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-People who were born of European and Indian parents

Peninsulares (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-Colonists who were born in Spain or Portugal

Mulattoes (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-Those of African and wither European or indigenous ancestry

Bastille (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-A former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy

Italian Peninsula (5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions)

-The boot-shaped landmass in Southern Europe that extends into the Mediterranean Sea

Spinning Jenny (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Reduced the time needed to spin yarn and weave cloth

-Increased textile production

-Invented by James Hargreaves

Water Frame (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Invented by Richard Arkwright

-Reduced the time needed to spin yarn and weave cloth

-Increased textile production

James Hargreaves (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Invented the spinning jenny in the 1760s

-His invention allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time.

Richard Arkwright (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Invented the water frame in 1769

-His invention used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel

Factory System (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Arkwright is considered the father of this

-Manufactured goods

-Power-driven machines and a large workforce were brought together in a central location

Agricultural Revolution (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Before the Industrial Revolution in the early 1700s

-Resulted in increased productivity

-Plants and animals, new farming techniques like crop rotation and the seed drill 

Crop Rotation (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Rotating different crops in and out of a field each year

Seed Drill (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-A device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground

Industrial Revolution (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-A period of major technology and societal change, shifting from agricultural revolution

Industrialization (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-The increased mechanization of production, and the social changes that accompanied this shift, had their roots in several influences

Cottage Industry (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-The putting-out system, in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes

Eli Whitney (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-In 1798, he created a system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms for the U.S. military

Interchangeable Parts (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-It enabled mass production, lowered costs, increased efficiency, and simplified repairs

-Used by Eli Whitney

-It’s standardized components that are made to be identical so they can be easily substituted for one another in manufacturing 

Division of Labor (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Whitney’s system directly led to this

-The specialization of tasks, where a larger process is broken down into smaller, individual jobs performed by different workers 

Specialization of Labor (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-The process where individuals or groups within a society focus on specific tasks or roles, leasing to increased efficiency and productivity

Assembly Line (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Henry Ford made this for the Model T

-A manufacturing process that revolutionized production by having workers perform a specialized, repetitive task on a moving line to create a finished product

Enclosure Movement (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-A process that consolidated common lands into privately owned, fenced-in fields for commercial agriculture 

Capital (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Money available to invest in businesses

Seaways (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Located on the Atlantic Ocean

-Inland waterways that are large enough for seagoing ships

Raw Materials (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Crucial to understanding industrialization, imperialism, and global trade patterns 

-Basic, unprocessed resources

Manchester (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Urban area

-Where people work for the workforce for the new and growing industries 

-First industrial city

Liverpool (5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins)

-Urban area

-Where people work for the workforce for the new and growing industries 

-Had an important role in the industrial revolution 

Trans-Siberian Railroad (5.4 Industrialization Spreads)

-Stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, allowing Russia to trade easily with countries in East Asia, like China and Japan

Human Capital (5.4 Industrialization Spreads)

-The workforce

-A key factor in U.S. success

Company Rule (5.4 Industrialization Spreads)

-British East India Company control over parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757 to 1858 

Coal (5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age)

-Primary energy source for steam engines

Coaling Stations (5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age)

-At critical points on trade routes

-Important refueling points for steam-powered ships

Alexander Graham Bell (5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age)

-He invented the telephone that revolutionized communication and significantly impacted business and society 

-Important figure of the Second Industrial Revolution 

Guglielmo Marconi (5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age)

-An Italian physicist 

-He made long-distance radio transmission and wireless telegraphy 

-Important figure of the Second Industrial Revolution 

Transcontinental Railroad (5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age)

-Connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when it was completed in 1869, facilitated U.S. industrial growth

Steam Engine (5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age)

-Enabling mass production, revolutionizing transportation, and fueling urbanization

James Watt (5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age)

-He made the version of the steam engine in 1765

-Provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories 

Steel (5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age)

-Enabled rapid industrial growth by providing a strong, affordable material for building infrastructure like railroads and skyscrapers

Oil (5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age)

-A vital energy source for innovations like the internal combustion engine

Capital (5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age)

-Money available to invest in a business

Second Industrial Revolution (5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age)

-The U.S., Great Britain, and Germany were key players in this revolution

-Occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

-Developments were steel, chemicals, and precision machinery, and electronics

Mamluks (5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role)

-Former Turkish slaves who formed a military class

-Had ruled in the Ottoman Empire for some 600 years

Muhammad Ali (5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role)

-An Albanian Ottoman officer

-The local leaders selected him to be the new governor of Egypt

Commodore Matthew Perry (5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role)

-In 1853, a naval squad led by him

-Sailed into Yedo and Tokyo Bay asking for trade privileges

-He demanded that Japan should engage in trade with the US

Zaibatsu (5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role)

-Powerful Japanese family business organizations like the conglomerates in the US

Automatic Loom (5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role)

-A mechanized weaving device that weaves fabric faster and more efficiently by automating the process

-Toyoda Loom Works made this

Meiji Restoration (5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role)

-In 1868, the Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown and power was restored to the emperor

-Trigged westernization in Japan

Charter Oath (5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role)

-A five-point policy issued by Emperor Meiji in 1868 that outlined the modernization goals for Japan during the Meiji Restoration