CH7: Cellular Respiration

metabolism

the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy

anaerobic

living without oxygen

cellular respiration

Any pathway that uses an electron transfer chain to harvest energy from organic molecules to make ATP

cellular respiration takes..

O₂ to CO₂

Great Oxidation Event

killed off most anaerobic life

cyanobacteria

photosynthetic bacteria

aerobic

organisms that can live in presence of oxygen

antioxidants

minimizes damages caused by O₂

structure where aerobic cell respiration happens

mitochondria

free radical

oxygen atom missing an electron

oxidative stress

tissue damage from free radicals accumulating

congenital

been around since birth

aerobic respiration

cellular respiration using oxygen

cell respiration

breaking down glucose to produce ATP

glycolysis

series of reactions that produce ATP by converting glucose to pyruvate, happens in the cytoplasm

pyruvate

used as a substrate for second stage of aerobic cell respiration

Acetyle CoA Formation

pyruvate splits into CO2 and an acetyl group, acetyl group attaches to coenzyme A. makes 2 of these molecules..

phosphorylation

adding a phosphate group to a molecule

FAD

a coenzyme; flavin adenine dinucleotide

citric acid cycle

also called krebs cycle, it is a cyclic cycle. uses Acetyl CoA which reacts with oxaloacetate to form citrate

electron transfer phosphorylation

similar to the same-name process in light-dependent photosynthesis. starts along the mitochondrial membrane. a hydrogen ion is moved across the membrane and flows through ATP synthase . water is produced

fermenatation

anaerobic cellular respiration. happens in the cell's cytoplasm. only produces 2 molecules of ATP.

alcoholic fermentation

converts glucose into ethyl alcohol

ethanol

ethyl alcohol

uses of alcoholic fermentation

used in food. medicine. biofuels

lactate fermentation

AKA lactic acid fermentation. converts glucose into lactate.

lactate fermentation uses

used in cheese, pickles, soy sauce, sausage. and in animal skeletal muscles for quick bursts of energy

less dangerous type of cell respiration

anaerobic cellular respiration