APEURO - Unit 2 Test

Chapters: 14 -15

What years did the Thirty Years' War take place?

1618-1648

What was the Thirty Years' War primarily considered the last of?

The religious wars

when was the Peace of Augsburg established?

1555

Which two alliances represented religious tensions prior to the Thirty Years' War?

Protestant Union (1608) and Catholic League (1609)

What event marked the beginning of the Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years' War?

The Defenestration of Prague on May 23, 1618

Who was deposed in favor of Frederick V during the Bohemian Phase?

Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand (later HRE Ferdinand II)

What significant battle occurred in 1620 during the Bohemian Phase?

Battle of White Mountain

Which phase of the Thirty Years' War involved Christian IV of Denmark?

Danish Phase (1625-1629)

What was the Edict of Restitution and when was it issued?

Issued in 1629, it aimed to restore Catholic properties taken by Protestants.

Who led the Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War?

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

What was the outcome of the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1631?

It was the first major Protestant victory.

What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?

Peace of Westphalia in 1648

What were the consequences of the Peace of Westphalia?

Renewed Peace of Augsburg, weakened Holy Roman Empire, and German states became virtually independent.

What characterized the 17th century in terms of state building?

A turning point in the evolution of the modern state with a shift away from religious unity.

Who is associated with the theory of sovereignty and absolute power?

Jean Bodin

What is the concept of Divine Right associated with?

Bishop Jacques Bossuet's belief in the monarch's absolute authority.

What was Louis XIV's famous declaration about the state?

L'état, c'est moi - 'I am the state.'

What was the impact of Louis XIV on the nobility?

He influenced and weakened the nobility while strengthening the monarchy.

What was the purpose of the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)?

To revoke the Edict of Nantes and enforce religious uniformity.

What was the significance of the War of Spanish Succession?

It confirmed Philip V as king and began the Spanish Bourbon dynasty.

What artistic movement emerged in Italy in the late 16th century?

Baroque art

Which artist is known for 'The Calling of St. Matthew'?

Caravaggio

What was the outcome of the English Civil War?

Charles I was executed, and the monarchy was abolished.

Who led the New Model Army during the English Civil War?

Oliver Cromwell

What significant event occurred in 1688 in England?

The Glorious Revolution, leading to William and Mary becoming joint sovereigns.

What document was established in 1689 that limited the powers of the monarchy?

The Bill of Rights

What were the main motives for European expansion during 1500-1800?

Curiosity, economic interests, religious motivations, and the desire for 'God, glory, and gold.'

What technological advancements aided European exploration?

Centralized monarchies, wealth, ships, compass, astrolabe, maps/cartography, and knowledge of wind patterns.

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

A Portuguese prince who sponsored expeditions along Africa's coast.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

It divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal in 1494.

What impact did exploration have on indigenous populations?

Settlement, political subjugation, mistreatment through the encomienda system, and the spread of disease.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of plants, crops, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas.

What role did the slave trade play in the Americas?

It grew with the discovery of the Americas, leading to the establishment of plantations and the Triangular Trade.

What were the conditions like during the Middle Passage?

Densely packed cargo ships with unsanitary conditions and a high death rate.

What was the Price Revolution?

An economic phenomenon characterized by an influx of gold and silver leading to inflation.

What is mercantilism?

An economic theory that prosperity depends on a plentiful supply of bullion and a favorable balance of trade.

What were joint-stock companies?

Businesses formed to pool capital for exploration and colonization, sharing profits and risks among investors.

Which European countries established colonies during this period?

England, France, and the Netherlands, alongside Spain and Portugal.

What was the impact of European rivalries during the age of expansion?

Increased competition for colonies and resources among European powers.

Who were the conquistadors?

Spanish explorers and soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas, often conquering indigenous peoples.

What was the role of maps and cartography in exploration?

They provided essential knowledge for navigation and understanding of new territories.