conservative theories: functionalist and new right

youth culture

the distinct lifestyles, values, music, fashion, and language shared by young people

youth subculture

distinct groups within youth culture

anomie

a sense of alienation from society, characterized by feelings of hopelessness, loss of purpose, and isolation. (described by Durkheim)

status frustration

describes the frustration felt by individuals, especially working-class youth, when they can't achieve mainstream societal goals

criminal

where crimes are committed and gang has a clear hierarchy

conflict

gangs organised by youth, normally focused on protecting territory.

retratist

gangs cannot succeed through legitimate methods , drop and and use drugs

push factor

the social, economic, and cultural disadvantages for joining gangs

pull factor

the gaining status, excitement, thrills, camaderate with friends and money making opportunities that come with joining a gang

underclass

class under the working class, the most disadvantaged social group, characterized by long-term poverty, unemployment, social exclusion, and limited opportunities,

the bell curve

(book by Murray and Hernstein) suggestion of getting into a subculture is linked to biological factors like personality traits and intelligence

welfare dependency

refers to a prolonged reliance on government benefits for income

zero tolerance

a strict crime control strategy that aggressively targets minor offenses (like graffiti) to prevent more serious crimes

functionalism

viewing society as a interconnected parts working together for stability, emphasising shared norms and values

structuralism

individual behaviour is shaped by larger social structures and cultural norms