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Energy
a force that determines what a living system is capable of
what is food made of?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
what are macromolecules?
the building blocks for all living things and are responsible for the structure and function of the body
functions of macromolecules
energy storage, insulation, growth, repair, communication, and the transfer of hereditary information.
carbohydrates
base source of energy for all living things and structural function in plants as cellulose
what elements make up carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen + oxygen
monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
monomers of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
types of monosaccharides
glucose, galactose, fructose
polymers of carbohydrates
disaccharides and polysaccharides
disaccharides
sucrose, lactose
polysaccharides
starch, cellulose
function of carbohydrates
energy source for organisms and a structure for plants
foods with carbohydrates:
bread, bananas, and yogurt
lipids
compounds that are energy rich but not macromolecules
what elements make up lipids?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
monomers of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
polymers of lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids (allegedly they don’t have true polymers)
what determines how saturated a fat is?
how much hydrogen it has
function of lipids
energy storage, cell communication, and organ protection
foods with lipids
olives, avocado, and peanut butter
proteins
large group of compounds that are made up of a long chain of amino acid
what elements make up proteins?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
monomers of proteins
amino acids
polymers of proteins
made of amino acids
function of proteins
making muscles, protection against disease, cell to cell communication, and cellular transport
foods with proteins
meat, eggs, nuts
nucleic acid
code for how cells function
elements that make up nucleic acids
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, phosphate
monomers of nucleic acids
nucleotides
polymers of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
function of nucleic acid
storing genetic information, protein synthesis
foods with nucleic acids
fish, mushrooms, and legumes
nucleus
controls everything in the cell
nucleolus
assembly of ribosomes and RNA transcription
SER
metabolic functions like synthesising lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates
RER
produces proteins
Golgi Apparatus
delivers proteins and creates lysosomes
mitochondria
makes ATP ( energy )
chloroplasts
photosynthesis
ribosomes
creates polypeptide chains (proteins)
lysosomes
digestion
cytoskeleton
helps the cell maintain its shape
vacuoles
stores water and brings waste out of the cell
cell membrane
controls what goes in and of of the cell
cell wall
supports the cell with strength and protection
semi permeable
only allows certain molecules inside the cell
why ae cells semi permeable
the phospholipid bilayer prevents the diffusion of most molecules across the membrane due to the hydrophobic nature of the tails
membrane protein
proteins attached to the cellular membrane
integral proteins
allow certain molecules through their channel into the cell
peripheral proteins
communication, enzymes, and molecule transfer in the cell.
osmosis
diffusion of water across the membrane
diffusion
molecules move from where they are no were they aren’t, doesn’ t require energy
hypertonic solution
water moves out of the cell
hypotonic solution
water moves in the cell
isotonic solution
water moves in and out of the cell (equilibrium)
concentration gradient
molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
passive transport
a type of membrane transport that does not require energy
Na/K pump
move potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell
phospholipid bilayer
allows cells to be semipermeable. has two layers, interior is hydrophobic, exterior is hydrophilic
facilitated diffusion
diffusion that happens through a protein because the molecules moving into the cell are too big or polar (doesn’ t require energy)
active transport
the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. (requires energy)
photosynthesis
synthesis of food through the energy conversion powered by the sun through plants and other photosynthetic organisms
where does photosynthesis take place
in the chloroplasts
photosynthesis equation
sunlight + H2O 🠖 C6H12C6 + O2
2 parts of photynthesis
light reactions and dark reactions/ Calvin cycle a
where does the light cycle take place
thylakoid membrane
what is needed for the light cycle
sunlight + H2O
what is produced in the light cycle
O2 + ATP + NADPPH
where does the calvin cycle take place
stoma
what is needed for the calvin cycle
CO2 + ATP + NADPPH
what is produced in the Calvin cycle
Glucose + ADPP + NADH
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
what is needed for glycolysis
glucose + 2 ATP + NAD
what is produced in glycolysis
pyruvic acid + NADH + 4 ATP
is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic
anaerobic
where does the kreb cycle take place
mitochondrial matrix
what is needed for the kreb cycle
pyruvic acid + NAD + FAD
what is produced in the kreb cycle
3 CO2 + 4 NADH + FADH2 + ATP
is the kreb cycle aerobic or anaerobic
aerobic
where does ETC occur
inner mitochondrial membrane
what is needed for ETC
NADH + FADH2
what is produced in ETC
ATP + H2O
is the ETC aerobic or anaerobic
aerobic
anaerobic
does not require oxygen
aerobic
requires oxygen
types of anaerobic respiration
alcoholic and lactic acid
what does alcoholic respiration occur
in yeasts and protists
what does lactic acid respiration occur in
animals