Energy

Energy

a force that determines what a living system is capable of

what is food made of?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

what are macromolecules?

the building blocks for all living things and are responsible for the structure and function of the body

functions of macromolecules

energy storage, insulation, growth, repair, communication, and the transfer of hereditary information.

carbohydrates

base source of energy for all living things and structural function in plants as cellulose

what elements make up carbohydrates?

carbon, hydrogen + oxygen

monomer

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

monomers of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

types of monosaccharides

glucose, galactose, fructose

polymers of carbohydrates

disaccharides and polysaccharides

disaccharides

sucrose, lactose

polysaccharides

starch, cellulose

function of carbohydrates

energy source for organisms and a structure for plants

foods with carbohydrates:

bread, bananas, and yogurt

lipids

compounds that are energy rich but not macromolecules

what elements make up lipids?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

monomers of lipids

glycerol and fatty acids

polymers of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids (allegedly they don’t have true polymers)

what determines how saturated a fat is?

how much hydrogen it has

function of lipids

energy storage, cell communication, and organ protection

foods with lipids

olives, avocado, and peanut butter

proteins

large group of compounds that are made up of a long chain of amino acid

what elements make up proteins?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

monomers of proteins

amino acids

polymers of proteins

made of amino acids

function of proteins

making muscles, protection against disease, cell to cell communication, and cellular transport

foods with proteins

meat, eggs, nuts

nucleic acid

code for how cells function

elements that make up nucleic acids

oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, phosphate

monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides

polymers of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

function of nucleic acid

storing genetic information, protein synthesis

foods with nucleic acids

fish, mushrooms, and legumes

nucleus

controls everything in the cell

nucleolus

assembly of ribosomes and RNA transcription

SER

metabolic functions like synthesising lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates

RER

produces proteins

Golgi Apparatus

delivers proteins and creates lysosomes

mitochondria

makes ATP ( energy )

chloroplasts

photosynthesis

ribosomes

creates polypeptide chains (proteins)

lysosomes

digestion

cytoskeleton

helps the cell maintain its shape

vacuoles

stores water and brings waste out of the cell

cell membrane

controls what goes in and of of the cell

cell wall

supports the cell with strength and protection

semi permeable

only allows certain molecules inside the cell

why ae cells semi permeable

the phospholipid bilayer prevents the diffusion of most molecules across the membrane due to the hydrophobic nature of the tails

membrane protein

proteins attached to the cellular membrane

integral proteins

allow certain molecules through their channel into the cell

peripheral proteins

communication, enzymes, and molecule transfer in the cell.

osmosis

diffusion of water across the membrane

diffusion

molecules move from where they are no were they aren’t, doesn’ t require energy

hypertonic solution

water moves out of the cell

hypotonic solution

water moves in the cell

isotonic solution

water moves in and out of the cell (equilibrium)

concentration gradient

molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

passive transport

a type of membrane transport that does not require energy

Na/K pump

move potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell

phospholipid bilayer

allows cells to be semipermeable. has two layers, interior is hydrophobic, exterior is hydrophilic

facilitated diffusion

diffusion that happens through a protein because the molecules moving into the cell are too big or polar (doesn’ t require energy)

active transport

the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. (requires energy)

photosynthesis

synthesis of food through the energy conversion powered by the sun through plants and other photosynthetic organisms

where does photosynthesis take place

in the chloroplasts

photosynthesis equation

sunlight + H_²O 🠖 C₆H₁₂C₆ + O₂

2 parts of photynthesis

light reactions and dark reactions/ Calvin cycle a

where does the light cycle take place

thylakoid membrane

what is needed for the light cycle

sunlight + H_²O

what is produced in the light cycle

O₂ + ATP + NADPPH

where does the calvin cycle take place

stoma

what is needed for the calvin cycle

CO₂ + ATP + NADPPH

what is produced in the Calvin cycle

Glucose + ADPP + NADH

where does glycolysis occur

cytoplasm

what is needed for glycolysis

glucose + 2 ATP + NAD

what is produced in glycolysis

pyruvic acid + NADH + 4 ATP

is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic

anaerobic

where does the kreb cycle take place

mitochondrial matrix

what is needed for the kreb cycle

pyruvic acid + NAD + FAD

what is produced in the kreb cycle

3 CO₂ + 4 NADH + FADH₂ + ATP

is the kreb cycle aerobic or anaerobic

aerobic

where does ETC occur

inner mitochondrial membrane

what is needed for ETC

NADH + FADH₂

what is produced in ETC

ATP + H₂O

is the ETC aerobic or anaerobic

aerobic

anaerobic

does not require oxygen

aerobic

requires oxygen

types of anaerobic respiration

alcoholic and lactic acid

what does alcoholic respiration occur

in yeasts and protists

what does lactic acid respiration occur in

animals