psych 201

psychology

___ is the study of behavior and mental processes

shadowing an occupational therapist to meet the requirements of a degree program is an example of ….

naturalistic observation

in a correlational research, if both variables are increasing(moving in the same direction) this would be what type of correlation?

positive

The variable that is manipulated in experimental research is the ____ variable

dependent

which is NOT exposed to the indecent variable (treatment condition)?

Control group

which of the following is not a goal of science?

Capitulate

Which of the following research designs establishes cause and effect?

Experimental research

Case study

a descriptive record of a single individuals experiences, behaviors,or both

operational definition

specific definitions as to what we are measuring

Commonsense psychology

nonscientific compiling of data that shapes our expectations, beliefs,and directs our behavior

TRUE OR FALSE observation tends to alter the behavior of the observed

true

correlation

research that finds the statistical relationship between 2 or more variables but does not establish causality

naturalistic observation

research that is done by observing behaviors as they happen in natural settings

TRUE OR FALSE The correlation coefficient r ranges from -1.00-+1.00

true

TRUE OR FALSE different values of the dependent variable are assumed to be linked to the different values of the independent variable

true

Nonlinear

The type of correlation that starts in one direction but then switches direction as the values on the x axis continue to increase

__ when a person only listens to information the supports what they already to believe to be true. any evidence to the contrary is ignored

confirmation bias

which type of correlation can establish cause and effect?

no correlation establishes cause and effect

asking a series of questions, specifically written to elicit and assess responses

survey

the observable expression of the genotype is known as a

phenotype

True or false. If a feature or trait goes unused, it will eventually disappear from a species.

false

If a recessive trait is sex linked, which sex is more likely to exhibit the trait?

males

Neurons that carry sensory information from sense organs of the body to the central nervous system 

afferent neurons

Neurons that carry motor instructions from the central nervous system to the target organs or muscles 

efferent neurons

xy combo is typically an indication of which reproductive sex

males

histones

proteins that bind DNA into a ball shape

the loosing or tightening of histone tails facilitates genetic ___

expression

The only behavior that has been test and seems to NOT have a genetic component is ___

religious affiliation

TRUE OR FALSE epigenetically changes in one generation has no effect on genetic phenotype of future generations

false

TRUE OR FALSE the autonomic nervous system is beyond control of cognitive processes

false

central

the division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

parasympathetic

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for relaxing the body as stress factors decrease

target organs receive signals from either subdivision of the autonomic nervous system

simultaneously

Sympathetic nervous system changes are experienced psychologically as

arousal

A client has a presenting problem with sexual arousal. Assuming cognitive issues have been ruled out, what specific part of the nervous system would this involve?

Parasympathetic nervous system

The voltage of a neuron at rest resting potential is

-70mV

…. is when neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap are broken down by enzymes

enzymatic degradation

soma

the body of a neuron

dendrites

the short processes that emanate from the soma that receive most of the synaptic contacts and transmissions from of the neurons

axon

long narrow process that protrudes from the soma that is sometimes coated in myelin

… break down proteins in the cell as well as clean debris within the cell

Lysosomes

True or False: A child nodding in response to a question asked on the phone is an example of egocentric thinking.

true

Which organelle synthesizes proteins and neurotransmitters?

Ribosomes

…. are the small membranes that contain neurotransmitters

synaptic vesicles

the cerebral cortex divides into …. hemispheres

2

broca’s area

the specific area of the brain that is primarily responsible of language production

the primary visual cortex is located on the …. lobe

occipital

prefrontal cortex

the part of the frontal lobe that is involved judgement, delayed task response, and working memory

On which lobe of the brain will one find the primary motor cortex

Frontal lobe

hypothalamus

forebrain structure involved in regulation of the body temp and basic motivators

limbic system

is a system interlinked structures involved in emotions, memory, and basic motivation

There is a strange noise in your house and you are suddenly on high alert; you have a newborn in the house and every sound they make gets your attention.___ is the structure in the brain that is directing your focus.

amygdale

hippocampus

responsible for the consolidation of memory

the …. is a limbic system structure involved in the regulation of what we would describe as aggression and fear

amygdale

cerebellum

malformation in this hindbrain structure interferes with a person’s coordination and ability to respond and abstract stimuli

The neurotransmitter ___ is the morphine of the body

endorphins

decreased levels of serotonin has been linked to what kind of behavior?

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved with pleasure?

dopamine

Alcohol interacts with glutamate by ____ its effects

blocking

Glutamate is the most prevalent  ____  neurotransmitter in the brain

excitatory

The lens is ___ in shape. This results in the image on the retina being inverted

convex

cones

neurons in the eye that are sensitive to color

if an image falls on the same spot on the retina for more than a second or two….

the brain removes it from your visual perception

optic disk

where the optic nerve leaves the eye

completion

the brain fills in what it believes should be there based on memory and sensation around the optic disk

sensation

sensory info from your senses

perception

how the brain interprets and organizes sensory info

imaginary sensory perceptions that occur without an external stimulus

hallucination

perceiving a skull or two ppl looking at something would be an example of

figure-ground

habituation

Tendency for the brain to ignore environmental factors that remain constant

speech to song illusion

demonstrates that the visual info you receive can chnge the way you perceive auditory info

objects that are physically close to each other are grouped together, is the perceptual law called ….

proximity

color and brightness constancy

perceive things as remaining the same color or brightness even though the amount of light may vary

motion parallax

When a person is moving, objects at varying distances move at different speeds across the retina.

aerial perspective

A monocular cue in perceiving depth where distant objects appear blurry, while closer objects appear clearer

the Ames room illusion Cretes a violation of which perceptual constancy

size

Brighter objects are perceived as closer is a monocular visual cue known as ___.

light and shadow depth cue

3D box with circles

closure

.Dave walks into a room and sees an attractive woman seated at the far end of the room. Next to her is a man approximately her age. Dave does not approach the woman because he assumes that they are a couple. This would be an example of which perceptual concept?

proximity

If a person is born premature what date does the developmental clock begin?

the due date

Kolberg felt that the highest level of moral development most people reach is ___

law-order

The conventional level of morality consists of which two stages?

good boy/nice girl- law/order

According to kohlberg’s stages of moral development, if one abides by the laws that are in the interest of the majority, the person is in the ____ stage.

conventional level; law-order

Which stage of moral development is based on avoiding punishment?

punishment/obedience-orientation

schemas

constructs that organize our ideas and experiences

personal fable

adolescent concept that no one else could feel the way they do (Piaget)

A person cannot relate to the world in hypothetical terms until they reach which developmental stage?

Formal operational

cutting a large pizza into 6 slices or 8 slices does not change the amount of pizza; this demonstrates the concept of

conservation

Learning that blue+yellow=green; then being confused as to what color yellow+blue might be, demonstrates an inability to perform

reversibility

the concept that when something cannot be seen, heard, smelt or felt, it still exist (Cannot be done I the first stage of Piagets developmental stages) is called…

object permanence

If new information or experiences do not fit into our existing schemata a change must occur with the current schema OR a new schema must be created. According to Piaget this is called a/an ____. 

accommodation

intelligence

global capacity to think rationally, act purposely, effectively

spearman(general intelligence)

thought process, almost all assessments are based on this, perception, language, some correlation research to support this idea

cattell(fluid intelligence)

think logically, declines as you get older, memory, speed of info processing, rationalize, independent of education

cattell(crystalized intelligence)

knowledge and skills reflected in general knowledge through education, experiences

gardner

theory of multiple intelligences

Sternberg

analytical, creativity, practical

interpersonal

good with others

intropersonal

good with understanding yourself

A. Binet

mental age