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psychology
___ is the study of behavior and mental processes
shadowing an occupational therapist to meet the requirements of a degree program is an example of ….
naturalistic observation
in a correlational research, if both variables are increasing(moving in the same direction) this would be what type of correlation?
positive
The variable that is manipulated in experimental research is the ____ variable
dependent
which is NOT exposed to the indecent variable (treatment condition)?
Control group
which of the following is not a goal of science?
Capitulate
Which of the following research designs establishes cause and effect?
Experimental research
Case study
a descriptive record of a single individuals experiences, behaviors,or both
operational definition
specific definitions as to what we are measuring
Commonsense psychology
nonscientific compiling of data that shapes our expectations, beliefs,and directs our behavior
TRUE OR FALSE observation tends to alter the behavior of the observed
true
correlation
research that finds the statistical relationship between 2 or more variables but does not establish causality
naturalistic observation
research that is done by observing behaviors as they happen in natural settings
TRUE OR FALSE The correlation coefficient r ranges from -1.00-+1.00
true
TRUE OR FALSE different values of the dependent variable are assumed to be linked to the different values of the independent variable
true
Nonlinear
The type of correlation that starts in one direction but then switches direction as the values on the x axis continue to increase
__ when a person only listens to information the supports what they already to believe to be true. any evidence to the contrary is ignored
confirmation bias
which type of correlation can establish cause and effect?
no correlation establishes cause and effect
asking a series of questions, specifically written to elicit and assess responses
survey
the observable expression of the genotype is known as a
phenotype
True or false. If a feature or trait goes unused, it will eventually disappear from a species.
false
If a recessive trait is sex linked, which sex is more likely to exhibit the trait?
males
Neurons that carry sensory information from sense organs of the body to the central nervous system
afferent neurons
Neurons that carry motor instructions from the central nervous system to the target organs or muscles
efferent neurons
xy combo is typically an indication of which reproductive sex
males
histones
proteins that bind DNA into a ball shape
the loosing or tightening of histone tails facilitates genetic ___
expression
The only behavior that has been test and seems to NOT have a genetic component is ___
religious affiliation
TRUE OR FALSE epigenetically changes in one generation has no effect on genetic phenotype of future generations
false
TRUE OR FALSE the autonomic nervous system is beyond control of cognitive processes
false
central
the division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
parasympathetic
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for relaxing the body as stress factors decrease
target organs receive signals from either subdivision of the autonomic nervous system
simultaneously
Sympathetic nervous system changes are experienced psychologically as
arousal
A client has a presenting problem with sexual arousal. Assuming cognitive issues have been ruled out, what specific part of the nervous system would this involve?
Parasympathetic nervous system
The voltage of a neuron at rest resting potential is
-70mV
…. is when neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap are broken down by enzymes
enzymatic degradation
soma
the body of a neuron
dendrites
the short processes that emanate from the soma that receive most of the synaptic contacts and transmissions from of the neurons
axon
long narrow process that protrudes from the soma that is sometimes coated in myelin
… break down proteins in the cell as well as clean debris within the cell
Lysosomes
True or False: A child nodding in response to a question asked on the phone is an example of egocentric thinking.
true
Which organelle synthesizes proteins and neurotransmitters?
Ribosomes
…. are the small membranes that contain neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicles
the cerebral cortex divides into …. hemispheres
2
broca’s area
the specific area of the brain that is primarily responsible of language production
the primary visual cortex is located on the …. lobe
occipital
prefrontal cortex
the part of the frontal lobe that is involved judgement, delayed task response, and working memory
On which lobe of the brain will one find the primary motor cortex
Frontal lobe
hypothalamus
forebrain structure involved in regulation of the body temp and basic motivators
limbic system
is a system interlinked structures involved in emotions, memory, and basic motivation
There is a strange noise in your house and you are suddenly on high alert; you have a newborn in the house and every sound they make gets your attention.___ is the structure in the brain that is directing your focus.
amygdale
hippocampus
responsible for the consolidation of memory
the …. is a limbic system structure involved in the regulation of what we would describe as aggression and fear
amygdale
cerebellum
malformation in this hindbrain structure interferes with a person’s coordination and ability to respond and abstract stimuli
The neurotransmitter ___ is the morphine of the body
endorphins
decreased levels of serotonin has been linked to what kind of behavior?
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved with pleasure?
dopamine
Alcohol interacts with glutamate by ____ its effects
blocking
Glutamate is the most prevalent ____ neurotransmitter in the brain
excitatory
The lens is ___ in shape. This results in the image on the retina being inverted
convex
cones
neurons in the eye that are sensitive to color
if an image falls on the same spot on the retina for more than a second or two….
the brain removes it from your visual perception
optic disk
where the optic nerve leaves the eye
completion
the brain fills in what it believes should be there based on memory and sensation around the optic disk
sensation
sensory info from your senses
perception
how the brain interprets and organizes sensory info
imaginary sensory perceptions that occur without an external stimulus
hallucination
perceiving a skull or two ppl looking at something would be an example of
figure-ground
habituation
Tendency for the brain to ignore environmental factors that remain constant
speech to song illusion
demonstrates that the visual info you receive can chnge the way you perceive auditory info
objects that are physically close to each other are grouped together, is the perceptual law called ….
proximity
color and brightness constancy
perceive things as remaining the same color or brightness even though the amount of light may vary
motion parallax
When a person is moving, objects at varying distances move at different speeds across the retina.
aerial perspective
A monocular cue in perceiving depth where distant objects appear blurry, while closer objects appear clearer
the Ames room illusion Cretes a violation of which perceptual constancy
size
Brighter objects are perceived as closer is a monocular visual cue known as ___.
light and shadow depth cue
3D box with circles
closure
.Dave walks into a room and sees an attractive woman seated at the far end of the room. Next to her is a man approximately her age. Dave does not approach the woman because he assumes that they are a couple. This would be an example of which perceptual concept?
proximity
If a person is born premature what date does the developmental clock begin?
the due date
Kolberg felt that the highest level of moral development most people reach is ___
law-order
The conventional level of morality consists of which two stages?
good boy/nice girl- law/order
According to kohlberg’s stages of moral development, if one abides by the laws that are in the interest of the majority, the person is in the ____ stage.
conventional level; law-order
Which stage of moral development is based on avoiding punishment?
punishment/obedience-orientation
schemas
constructs that organize our ideas and experiences
personal fable
adolescent concept that no one else could feel the way they do (Piaget)
A person cannot relate to the world in hypothetical terms until they reach which developmental stage?
Formal operational
cutting a large pizza into 6 slices or 8 slices does not change the amount of pizza; this demonstrates the concept of
conservation
Learning that blue+yellow=green; then being confused as to what color yellow+blue might be, demonstrates an inability to perform
reversibility
the concept that when something cannot be seen, heard, smelt or felt, it still exist (Cannot be done I the first stage of Piagets developmental stages) is called…
object permanence
If new information or experiences do not fit into our existing schemata a change must occur with the current schema OR a new schema must be created. According to Piaget this is called a/an ____.
accommodation
intelligence
global capacity to think rationally, act purposely, effectively
spearman(general intelligence)
thought process, almost all assessments are based on this, perception, language, some correlation research to support this idea
cattell(fluid intelligence)
think logically, declines as you get older, memory, speed of info processing, rationalize, independent of education
cattell(crystalized intelligence)
knowledge and skills reflected in general knowledge through education, experiences
gardner
theory of multiple intelligences
Sternberg
analytical, creativity, practical
interpersonal
good with others
intropersonal
good with understanding yourself
A. Binet
mental age
