mini exam4

What is Carboniferous mean

Age of amphibian ( radiation)

What is included in class amphibia

Salamanders and frogs

How do salamanders walk

Side to aide Sanger similar to that of early tetrapods

What does amphibian mean

Two lives

How to amphibians display metamorphosis

From aquatic tadpole to terrestrial adult

Why do amphibians have a close tie with water

Moist skin helps with gas exchange, their eggs lack a shell and dehydrate in air, external fertilization.

What is the diasadvantage of male frogs and their mating calls

Lots of energy in expended in making mating calls or defending their breeding territories and the sound may increase predication

Why has there been a rapid decline in the amphibian population

Global warming, fungal pathogens, environmental contaminants, and habitat destruction

What are aminotes

Mammals birds and reptiles

How have aminotes adapted for terrestrial living

Amniotic egg, waterproof skin and ribs to ventilate lungs

What does tetrapod mean

Four feet

When did tetrapods move to land

360 Mya

What was the ancestor of all tetrapod

Lung fish (via lobe finned fish)

What is the benefits of the amniotic egg

Life cycles can be entirely on land,shell retains water, have a extraembryotic membrane

What does extraembryotic membrane in the amniotic egg do

functions in ges exchange, waste storage and transfer of nutrients

What three branches did the early reptiles split int

Lepidosaurs, archosaurs and turtles

What are lepidosaurs

Lizards and snakes

What a re archosaurs

Crocodiles, dinosaurs and birds

Which classification iof aminotes is corrects and why

Lumper or splitter, birds need to included in class reptilia

What are ectotherms

Absorbs environments heat to regulate body temps

What is the benefit of being an ectotherm

10% of calories required by a mammal of equivalent size

How do ectotherms raise their body temp

Basking in the sun

What does it mean if a animal is endothermic

Regulate body heat via metabolism

Wha are the original reptiles

Turtles, lizards and snakes and alligators

What part of the snake used to serve a purpose but no longer does

Vestigial pelvic bone

What are birds classified as

Sub class aves

How do birds reduce their body weight

Females have only one ovary, moderns birds are toothless and grind their foods in a muscular gizzard, bones are honey combed

What are some anatomical feature of a bird

Endothermic and have a four chambered heart, large editorial anchored to a kneel on sternum

What are some feature of bird feathers

Very lighter and strong,made of protein keratin and are used for insulation.

What are the two different feathers on birds and their purpose

Downy feathers trap air and contour feathers do aerodynamic

What are the benefits of flight

Enhances hunting,finding mates, scavenging and escape and migration

What is the most famous Mesozoic bird ancestor and what were its characteristics

archeopteryx, had clawed forearms teeth tail with vertebrate and had wings and feather

How was class Mammalian forts defined by Linnaeus

By the pre sense of mammmary glands

What is endothermy

When hair plus a layer of subcutaneous fat retains metabolic heat

What are some reproductive characteristic of mammals

Fertilization is internal, embryo develops in mother uterus and in eutherians placenta forms

What are the three groups of mammals

Monotremes (egg laying mammals), marsupials pouched animals) and eutherians (have well developed placentas )

What are some monotremes

Platypus and echidna

What a re some marsupial and characteristic

Kangaroo, Tasmanian wolds, born very early and are tiny, complete development int he marsupium

When did marsupials and eutherians split

150 Mya

What are the characteristic of primata

Shaped by natural selection for arboreal life (tree living), large brain, short jaw, flat nail and well developed parental care and complex social behaviour

Where are opposable thumbs in

Anthropoid primates

All modern primates have a big toe except of …

Homo

What is brachiating

Swinging from branch to branch

What is depth perspective

Overlapping fields of vision

What are the two subgroups of primates

Prosimians eg lemurs, and anthropids eg. Monkeys and apes and humans

What are the new world monkeys

They are aboreal and have prehensile tails

What a re old world monkeys

Are aboreal and ground dwelling

What are some examples of apes

Gibbons,orangutans, gorillas, chimps and humans

When did apes evolve from old world monkey s

25-20 Mya

Which apes are primarly arboreal

Gibbons and orangutans

Which apes are highly social

Gorilla and chimps they are have relatively larger brains

When did humans and apes share evolution

3,5 billion y a , except for the last 6 million years

What is the dna difference between humans and chimps

1 % difference

What were our ancestors six million years ago

Something else an ancestor of both of our groups

When were tree dwellers

30 Mya

Whe was the climate drier and the Savana habitat increase

20 Mya

What is the big differences between us and chimps

Brain size which has tripled over the 6 Mya, bipedal posture and jaw shape and dentition before ancestors shad long jaws and big canines, reduces size difference in sexes

Homnind fossiles were found in eastern and Southern Africa but were else ?

Balkan, Crete and Israel

What came first bigger brain or bipedalism

Walked fully erect first, in 1924 they found a fossil with brain 1/3 size

Details about Lucy

3,2 Mya, chimpsized brain, long arms, was Australopithecus in Ethiopia

Who ae the earliest fossils of our genus

Homo habilia 2.4 to 1.5 Mya larger brains and stone tools

Homo erectus

Larger brain by 1.6 ya and are between h habillis and h erectus

What is so special about h erectus

First hominid to migrate out of Africa and go to Asian and Europe around 1,6mya to 30,000 years ago. Used fire

What’s special about homo Neanderthal as

Lived in Europe/midle east 200,000-250,000 ya, brains larger than ours, more heavily built, common ancestor with us 0.5 Mya

What is the multi regional hypothesis

Fully modern humans evolved form local populations of H erectus. Common ancestor 1,5 Mya interbreeding

Why do some African have no percentage of Neanderthal dna

Since Neanderthals never were in Africa

Which hypothesis is true

Out of Africa hypothesis confirmed via dna sequence

What is the mitochondrial eve hypothesis

To see our most common ancestor we should look at mitochondrilal dna since it is critical and mutate not very frequently. For female. Y chromosome for males

What was the migrations of out of Africa hypothesis

1st migration was 1.5 Mya nd second was 70.000

What order to humans evolve

Australopithecus, homohabilis, homo erectus and Neanderthal/humans

What is the out of Africa

All h sapiens evolved from secon migration out of Africa and our common ancestor was 150000ya replaced all pops of homo

What is in a complete digestive tract

Mouth, digestive tube and anus

What is the crop/stomach for

Storage

What is the gizzard for

Grinding

What is the intestine for

Bsorption of nutrients into the blood

What are the characteristics of the oral cavity

physical and chemical digestion. Saliva has salivary amylase which hydrolyses starch and glycogen

What is the pharynx

Opens to trachea and esophagus. Glottis blocked by epiglottis

What does the stomach do

Stored food , located in abdominal cavity below diaphragm, has gastric juices wth a ph of 2 which denature protein and kills most bacteria

What are the two portions of the stomach

Cardiac which is see through and opens when bolus arrives and the pyloric portion which is muscular and emulate opening to small intestine

Function of small intestine And parts

Major origin of digestion and absorption,First 25 cm is the duodenum and then the jejunum and ileum

What do the pancreas produce

Several hydrolytic enzymes, reduce ph and is and exocrine and endocrine gland.

What does he liver do

Makes bile, which emulsifies fats

What does the large intestine do

Reclaims water, connects to the cecum and appendix

What is hemolymph

No distinction between blood and interstitial fluid

What does the heart consist of

Atria and ventricles . Atria is a chamber which receives returning blood and ventricles pump out blood

What is the disadvantage of two chambers fish

When blood flows through capillary bed the blood pressure drops

What is the disadvantage of three chambered heart in amphibians

Mixing of o2 rich and poor blood

What is the advantage of four chambered heart bird and animals

Restores pressure and prevents mixing

What does the trachea fork into

2 bronchus

What does heating up dna do

Splits into single strands since the hydrogen bonds are weak while covalent bonds are strong.

What is in the gastric juice

Pepsin which begins the hydrolysis o proteins and hydrochloride acid which converts to active pepsin

Human timeline when did chimps and humans diverge

26 Mya

In the timeline what was the first marker

Australiopithecus, 4-2.8 Mya, Lucy, bipedal with chimp sized brain

In the human timeline what is the second marker

Homo habilis, 2.6-1.8 Mya,bigger brain and stone tools

In the human timeline what is the third marker

Homo Erectus, fully erect, bigger brain first to migrate out of Africa, fire

What are is the last marker i=on the human timeline

Neanderthals big brains dn body, hybridization w humans 1.6-30,000 ya

Where is the most epithelial tissue found

Lungs of mammals

How is the trachea shape maintained

C shaped rings of cartilage

What is the alveoli

Tiniest bronchioles dead end as a cluster of air sacs

Where does as exchange occur

Across thin epithelium of lungs million of alveoli’s