Physiology Lab Exam 2

Blood Pressure

the pressure caused by blood in arteries leaving the heart

When are there changes in BP?

with the amount of blood present and the diameter of the blood vessel

What does Blood Pressure mostly refer to?

Arterial blood pressure, but all vasculature has bp

Sphygmomanometer

blood pressure cuff (inflatable bag, surrounded by a cuff, that can inflated by a squeeze bulb and monitored with a pressure gauge)

Occlusion

closure of vessel or blockage of blood flow

Laminar Blood Flow

smooth, unidirectional blood flow through a blood vessel

Turbulent blood flow

multidirectional blood flow in a blood vessel

Systolic Blood Pressure

the max pressure in an artery

occurs during the max ejection phase of the ventricular contraction

what is the max ejection phase of the ventricular contraction

systole

Diastolic Blood Pressure

minimul pressure in an artery

occurs during the relaxation of the left ventricle

What is the relaxation of the left ventricle called?

diastole

Pulse Pressure

the difference in arterial pressure with each beat of the heart

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

Subtract diastolic from systolic pressure

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

the average pressure in the arteries

regulated by the body, homeostatically at 100

Cardiac Output (CO)

the amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

resistance to blood flow offered by the total vasculature as a result of branching of vessels and diameter of vessels

Stroke Volume (SV)

amount of blood pumped out of the heart during each beat of the heart

Heart Rate(HR)

beats per minute

CO=

SV x HR

TPR=

(arterial pressure- venous pressure)/cardiac output

MAP

1/3 systolic pressure + 2/3 diastolic pressure = diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure)

Why equation for MAP?

Diastolic pressure is 2 times as long as systolic pressure, which is why average pressure is not just adding the 2 together and dividing by 2

MAP equation simplified

CO x TPR

Inhalation

active increasing of volume in the thoracic cavity by diaphragm contraction and use of intercostal muscles

pressure in thoracic cavity decreases, volume increases

creates a down gradient in pressure between the atmosphere and inside the chest

result in gas flowing into the chest and filling the lung

Exhaliation

passive decreasing of volume in the thoracic cavity due to the elasticity of the lung

increase in pressure results in down gradient of pressure between inside the chest and the atmosphere

results in gas flowing out of the chest

Minute ventilation

amount of gas moved in/out of the lungs per minute

How is minute ventilation calculated?

(TV- dead space) x respiratory rate (RR)

Hyperventilation

an increase in the amount of gas taking part in gas exchange in the lung

Why does hyperventilation occur?

an increase in respiratory rate and/or an increase in tidal volume

Hypoventilation

a decrease in the amount of gas taking part in gas exchange in the lung

Why does hypoventilation occur?

a decrease in respiratory rate and/or decrease in tidal volume

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

Leukocytes

white blood cells of any type

How many leukocytes and what are they?

5: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

Plasma

fluid portion of blood

includes water and non-cellular solutes

What are the non-cellular solutes in plasma?

electrocytes, nutrients, and proteins

Hematocrit

ratio of volume of packed red blood cell to total blood volume

Hemoglobin

oxygen carrying molecule in red blood cells

Erythropoietin

hormone released from the adrenal gland causes red blood cell production to increase from bone marrow

Hypoxia

oxygen delivery to cells is insufficient to meet the demand

What is the hematocrit ratio?

40-45 RBCs to plasma

When is hematocrit elevated?

when plasma is depleted (dehydration) or

RBC count is high (blood doping)

When is hematocrit lowered?

where plasma is in excess (hypertension)

or RBC count is depleted (anemia)