AP Bio Unit 2

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39 Terms

1

advantages of Light microscope

magnifys 1000x the size of an actual speciman

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2

disadvantage of light microscope

details cant be seen clearly

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3

electron microscope ad

see structure of organelles

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4

dis of electron microscope

cant resolve structure smaller than 2 nanometers across (can’t see lipids and proteins)

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5

scanning electron microscope

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6

transmission electron micrscope ad

helps see internal structure of cells

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7

dis of ALL electron mi

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8

similarities of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

all have plasma membrane and cytosol, have chromosomes and DNA, all have ribosomes

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9

differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

where the DNA is: P - nucleoid (not membrane enclosed), E - nucleus (double membrane)

p don’t have membrane bound structures while e do

eukaryotic are larger

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10

Plasma membrane

selective barrrier that allows oxygen, nutrients and waste into the cell

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11

nucleus

has DNA enclosed by nuclear envelope which is a double membrane and has chromosomes made of chromatin and has a nucleolus

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12

what are ribosomes made of

ribosomal RNA and protein and have no membrane

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13

Bound ribosomes (location + function)

attatched to outside of ER (Endoplasmic reticulum) or nuclear envelope and make proteins for membrane/outside cell

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14

Free ribosomes (location + function)

in the cytosol and make proteins that function in the cytosol

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15

purpose of smooth er

synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions and metabolism carbs

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16

what does the rough er do

secretes proteins produced by bound ribosomes and is the membrane factory for cell

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17

golgi apparatus function

makes modifications and repackages molecules

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18

lysosome

intracellular digestion

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19

phagocytosis

digests sugars, amino acids and monomers (in food vacuoles)

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20

autophagy

fuses w vesicle and digests organelles

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21

different vacuoles - transportation

food, contractile, central

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22

contractile vacules

pump water out of cell

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23

central vacuoles

helps plants grow and structure

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24

mitochondria

cellular respiration and create ATP

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25

chloroplasts

photosynthesis and convert solar energy into chemical energy

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26

similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts

both have double membrane, ribosomes, circular DNA, grow and reproduce within cell

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27

endosymbioitic theory

ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell which formed a relationship with a host cell becoming a endosymbiont then merged into a single organism

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28

microtubules

hollow tubes (biggest tubes) have ab tubulin,

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29

function of microtubules

maintain shape, mobility, organelle movements, chromosome movements and cell division

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30

intermediate fillaments

second largest and made of proteins (keratins)

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31

function of intermediate fillaments

maintain cell shape, anchor organelles, form nuclear lamina

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32

micro fillaments

smallest. made of actin

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33

function of micro fillaments

maintain cell shape, changes in cell shape, cell mobility, cell division, cytoplasmic streaming (only plant cells), muscle contractions

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34

cell walls: plasmadesmata

channels filled by cytosol and join cells together so water and small solutes pass

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35

animal cell: ECM (Extracellular matrix)

glycoproteins, carbs (collagen, protragty.., fibronectin, integrins (fluid membrane)

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36

Tight junctions

prevent extracellular fluid leakage

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37

desmosomes

intermediate fillaments of karatin proteins that another desmosome in cytoplasm, desmosomes connect muscle cells in muscle

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38

gap junctions

cytoplasmic channels between cells, all for communication

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39
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