AP Bio Unit 2

advantages of Light microscope

magnifys 1000x the size of an actual speciman

disadvantage of light microscope

details cant be seen clearly

electron microscope ad

see structure of organelles

dis of electron microscope

cant resolve structure smaller than 2 nanometers across (can’t see lipids and proteins)

scanning electron microscope

transmission electron micrscope ad

helps see internal structure of cells

dis of ALL electron mi

similarities of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

all have plasma membrane and cytosol, have chromosomes and DNA, all have ribosomes

differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

where the DNA is: P - nucleoid (not membrane enclosed), E - nucleus (double membrane)

p don’t have membrane bound structures while e do

eukaryotic are larger

Plasma membrane

selective barrrier that allows oxygen, nutrients and waste into the cell

nucleus

has DNA enclosed by nuclear envelope which is a double membrane and has chromosomes made of chromatin and has a nucleolus

what are ribosomes made of

ribosomal RNA and protein and have no membrane

Bound ribosomes (location + function)

attatched to outside of ER (Endoplasmic reticulum) or nuclear envelope and make proteins for membrane/outside cell

Free ribosomes (location + function)

in the cytosol and make proteins that function in the cytosol

purpose of smooth er

synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions and metabolism carbs

what does the rough er do

secretes proteins produced by bound ribosomes and is the membrane factory for cell

golgi apparatus function

makes modifications and repackages molecules

lysosome

intracellular digestion

phagocytosis

digests sugars, amino acids and monomers (in food vacuoles)

autophagy

fuses w vesicle and digests organelles

different vacuoles - transportation

food, contractile, central

contractile vacules

pump water out of cell

central vacuoles

helps plants grow and structure

mitochondria

cellular respiration and create ATP

chloroplasts

photosynthesis and convert solar energy into chemical energy

similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts

both have double membrane, ribosomes, circular DNA, grow and reproduce within cell

endosymbioitic theory

ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell which formed a relationship with a host cell becoming a endosymbiont then merged into a single organism

microtubules

hollow tubes (biggest tubes) have ab tubulin,

function of microtubules

maintain shape, mobility, organelle movements, chromosome movements and cell division

intermediate fillaments

second largest and made of proteins (keratins)

function of intermediate fillaments

maintain cell shape, anchor organelles, form nuclear lamina

micro fillaments

smallest. made of actin

function of micro fillaments

maintain cell shape, changes in cell shape, cell mobility, cell division, cytoplasmic streaming (only plant cells), muscle contractions

cell walls: plasmadesmata

channels filled by cytosol and join cells together so water and small solutes pass

animal cell: ECM (Extracellular matrix)

glycoproteins, carbs (collagen, protragty.., fibronectin, integrins (fluid membrane)

Tight junctions

prevent extracellular fluid leakage

desmosomes

intermediate fillaments of karatin proteins that another desmosome in cytoplasm, desmosomes connect muscle cells in muscle

gap junctions

cytoplasmic channels between cells, all for communication