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advantages of Light microscope
magnifys 1000x the size of an actual speciman
disadvantage of light microscope
details cant be seen clearly
electron microscope ad
see structure of organelles
dis of electron microscope
cant resolve structure smaller than 2 nanometers across (can’t see lipids and proteins)
scanning electron microscope
transmission electron micrscope ad
helps see internal structure of cells
dis of ALL electron mi
similarities of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
all have plasma membrane and cytosol, have chromosomes and DNA, all have ribosomes
differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
where the DNA is: P - nucleoid (not membrane enclosed), E - nucleus (double membrane)
p don’t have membrane bound structures while e do
eukaryotic are larger
Plasma membrane
selective barrrier that allows oxygen, nutrients and waste into the cell
nucleus
has DNA enclosed by nuclear envelope which is a double membrane and has chromosomes made of chromatin and has a nucleolus
what are ribosomes made of
ribosomal RNA and protein and have no membrane
Bound ribosomes (location + function)
attatched to outside of ER (Endoplasmic reticulum) or nuclear envelope and make proteins for membrane/outside cell
Free ribosomes (location + function)
in the cytosol and make proteins that function in the cytosol
purpose of smooth er
synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions and metabolism carbs
what does the rough er do
secretes proteins produced by bound ribosomes and is the membrane factory for cell
golgi apparatus function
makes modifications and repackages molecules
lysosome
intracellular digestion
phagocytosis
digests sugars, amino acids and monomers (in food vacuoles)
autophagy
fuses w vesicle and digests organelles
different vacuoles - transportation
food, contractile, central
contractile vacules
pump water out of cell
central vacuoles
helps plants grow and structure
mitochondria
cellular respiration and create ATP
chloroplasts
photosynthesis and convert solar energy into chemical energy
similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts
both have double membrane, ribosomes, circular DNA, grow and reproduce within cell
endosymbioitic theory
ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell which formed a relationship with a host cell becoming a endosymbiont then merged into a single organism
microtubules
hollow tubes (biggest tubes) have ab tubulin,
function of microtubules
maintain shape, mobility, organelle movements, chromosome movements and cell division
intermediate fillaments
second largest and made of proteins (keratins)
function of intermediate fillaments
maintain cell shape, anchor organelles, form nuclear lamina
micro fillaments
smallest. made of actin
function of micro fillaments
maintain cell shape, changes in cell shape, cell mobility, cell division, cytoplasmic streaming (only plant cells), muscle contractions
cell walls: plasmadesmata
channels filled by cytosol and join cells together so water and small solutes pass
animal cell: ECM (Extracellular matrix)
glycoproteins, carbs (collagen, protragty.., fibronectin, integrins (fluid membrane)
Tight junctions
prevent extracellular fluid leakage
desmosomes
intermediate fillaments of karatin proteins that another desmosome in cytoplasm, desmosomes connect muscle cells in muscle
gap junctions
cytoplasmic channels between cells, all for communication