Global 9H Test 3 Review

Cuneiform/Hieroglyphics

Cuneiform/Hieroglyphics

Pictographic writing systems of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians

Royal Road

Persian network of exchange connecting the city of Susa in the east and Sardis in the west of the empire

Buddhism

Belief system founded by Siddhartha Gautama; diffused from India to the easternmost point of Japan

Hebrews/Judaism and Zoroastrianism

New kinds of faith - monotheistic religions

Monotheism

Belief in one god that controls nature

Polytheism

Belief that many gods control nature

Pyramids

Sophisticated structures built by the Egyptians and Mesoamerican peoples using advanced technology and mathematical concepts

Social Hierarchy

Stacked order of society - usually divided into leaders and workers in descending power from the top down. Common in all ancient societies

Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Yellow

River valleys associated with the rise of the world's core and foundational civilizations

Hinduism and Buddhism

Belief systems that originated in South Asia that teach that peace can be attained through selflessness; Hinduism is very hierarchal in its' concept of caste, while Buddhism rejects the caste system

Caste System

Social Hierarchy of Hinduism. Levels based on birth

Four Noble Truths

Meaning of life according to Buddhism: life is pain, pain is caused by desire, the way to eliminate pain is to eliminate desire, the way to eliminate desire is to follow the eightfold path

Eightfold Path

Buddhist prescription for how to live a proper life

Rosetta Stone

Archeological find which contained the key to the interpretation of Egyptian hieroglyphics

The Neolithic Revolution

The switch that occurred sometime around 10,000 BCE between hunting and gathering to settled civilizations practicing animal domestication and agriculture

Shang Dynasty/Zhou Dynasty

Shang - Early Chinese society that practiced agriculture, animal domestication, writing and metallurgy (making objects out of metal). Zhou - known for the Mandate of Heaven and the beginning of the dynastic cycle, and the Shi (highly educated "men of service")

Oracle Bones

Shang practice of interpreting the cracks on tortoise shells for religious meaning

Cuneiform

Earliest known form of writing developed by the ancient Mesopotamians. It was a pictographic system of indentations onto wet clay tablets.

Himalayan Mountains

Mountain range in Central/South Asia that isolated the Harappans. Contains parts of the Indus and Ganges Rivers

Kung Fu Zi

"Confucius" - originator of the Confucian belief system

Confucianism

East Asian belief system based on social order. Human relationships contain a superior and inferior, with the importance of mutual respect. Harmony comes from everyone fulfilling their basic roles in society

Hammurabi

Babylonian king who established a law code

Code of Hammurabi

Ancient Babylonian law code that established the idea that government is responsible for what happens in society. Punishment determined by social standing

Phoenicians

Mediterranean trading people who established North African and Southern European colonies. Large trading fleet that harvested resources from coastlines for the manufacture of luxury goods (purple dye). Originators of the phonetic alphabet that went on to become the basis for Greek, Latin, and modern languages

Ziggurats

Mesopotamian temples used as centers of worship and sacrifice

Nile River

Egyptian river that flooded predictably, called the "Gift" by the Egyptians; believed to have a religious importance to the people of Egypt

The Epic of Gilgamesh

Creation story of the Mesopotamians, associated with the flooding of the Tigris-Euphrates rivers as givers of life

Harappans/Mohenjo-Daro

Ancient South Asian societies that utilized sophisticated urban planning and underground plumbing techniques

Achaemenid Persian Empire

The empire of Cyrus and Darius located in modern day Iran. Known for government innovations such as Satrapies (provinces) and Satraps (governors)

The Middle East

Locations of the earliest civilizations that possessed forms of writing (Egypt and Mesopotamia)