Growth & Development- Chapter 7

The infant

The infant birth weight doubles by

6 months

The infant’s birth weight triples by

1 year of age

Egocentric behavior is evidenced by the one-year-old

Who relates all toys to his or her own body

Over feeding during infancy is thought to be a contributing factor to

Obesity later in life

Breast milk contains antibodies, not found in formula

True

Supplemental formula should be offered to breast-feeding infants

False

Children should be placed on low-fat milk at one year of age

False

The tongue extrusion reflex appears between 4 and 6 months of age

True

At one year, the infant typically eats table food three times per day

True

Three month old infants, do not have the enzymes to properly digest food

True

Baby foods should not be fed directly from a jar

True

Honey is not safe for children under the age of two

True

Parents should taste baby food from the same spoon to check temperature

False

An infant under one year of age should not be allowed to self feed finger foods

False

Arranged the following developmental milestones and the order they typically occur

Recognize and prefer parent, first responsive smile, first repetitive syllables, separation anxiety, pincer action, first steps

When observing a nine month old infant, which of the following developmental tasks would be expected to have been achieved

Weaning, hand mouth coordination, crawls, rolls over, birthweight tripled, pincer action, fed breastmilk, has two teeth

When observing a 9 month old infant, which require safety precautions that should be discussed with the parent

Walks independently, hand mouth coordination, crawls, roll over, pincer action, has two teeth

A three month old infant is observed during a clinic visit highlight the observations in the following report that would suggest the follow up would be indicated

Weigh 16 pounds today, made no effort to lift his head or roll over, does not smile responsibly, accepts strained baby food offered by the mother

Which of the following interactions would promote a healthy attachment with the infant?

Consistent use of the en face position, recognizing and responding to hunger cues before crying begins, making eye contact while breast-feeding, keeping the newborn in the same room as the mother in the hospital

Autonomy

refers to independence

Cephalocaudal

growth pattern that proceeds from head to toe. (Lift their heads before they can sit)

Coping skill

behavior that helps an individual adapt to or manage a stressful situation

Defense mechanism

is a reaction that is protective to the individual or helps conceal conflicts or anxieties.

Development

increase in function and mastery task for specific stage

Expressive

can say it

Infant

4 weeks to 1 year

Length

measured while the infant is lying down.

Language of motions

Norms

averages, guidelines concerning ages w/ abilities

Nursing caries

Cavities sugar in the milk promotes decay

Object permanence

knowing the object is there even though one cannot see it

Ordinal position

in the family, only one, oldest child

Personality

unique combination of characteristics that result in the individual’s recurrent pattern of behavior.

Pincer action

9-months enables to grasp w/ thumb and forefinger

Preverbal

express understandable speech

Receptive

can understand it

Separation anxiety

begins at 6-month age

SIDS

Sudden infant death syndrome

Developmental Tasks of Infancy

Include trust vs. mistrust, intelligence, emotional development, attachment, language development, motor development, physical activity, autonomy, sleep patterns, and play.

Emotional Development

*An infant will mimic the facial expression of the adult.

*Interaction between parent and infant is necessary in the first months of life and is important for later social development.

Separation Anxiety

*Begins at 6-months

*Infant cries or protests when the parent leaves the room

*By 18 months, memory development helps the child remember the parent’s image and to trust that the parent will return after an absence.

Language Development

*Verbal language is both expressive and receptive

*Nonverbal language

*There appears to be an innate ability to develop language skills

*Preverbal stage of language development

*First words between 10 and 13 months of age

Role of play in fostering Growth and Development

*Piaget’s sensorimotor theory of development is evident in the infant’s play activities

*According to Freud’s theory of development, the infant is in an oral phase

*By applying learned skills to environmental experiences, children learn about the world around them

Nutrition

*Proper nutritional intake is essential support optimum development.

*The best nutrition for the newborn is breast milk, which contains antibodies and easy to digest fats.

*Usually fed on demand at two-to-three-hour intervals, and by four to six months of age infants may skip a nighttime feeding.

Accident Prevention

*Major causes of morbidity and mortality

*First injury prevention activity for the newborn is the use of car seats.

*Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)