bacteria and archaea continued

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55 Terms

1

what do many prokaryotes have?

plasmids

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2

plasmids

extra tiny DNA rings w/few genes

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3

how do plasmids replicate?

independently

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4

what are the purpose of plasmids?

they’re not essential for life but add diversity such as drug resistance genes

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5

what type of reproduction do prokaryotes use ?

asexual

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6

how does prokaryote reproduction take place?

binary fission

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7

what does binary fission not provide?

an opportunity for genetic recombination or genetic diversity

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8

prokaryotes share genes by what 3 mechanisms?

transformation, transduction, and conjugation

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9

what does HGT result in?

genetic recombination and genetic diversity

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10

high rate of cell division=

many mutations

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11

one mutation can change ?

phenotype

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12

how are mutations passed on in?

clones if they’re not lethal

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13

what does selection favor?

the best clones

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14

short generation time=

rapid evolution

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15

what type of bacteria are endospores ?

gram +

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16

what are characteristics of endospores?

dormant and non-reproductive

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17

what can endospores survive?

heat and drought for yrs

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18

what bacteria causes anthrax?

Bacillus anthracis where DNA and key materials are safely packaged

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19

what bacteria causes tetanus?

Clostridium tetani

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20

what is the term used to describe how humans obtain energy and carbon?

chemoorganoheterotrophs

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21

photoautotroph

use energy from sunlight and carbon from carbon dioxide

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22

chemoheterotroph

obtain both energy and carbon from an organic chemical source

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23

chemolithoautotroph

obtain their energy from inorganic compounds and they build their complex molecules from carbon dioxide

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24

photoheterotroph

obtain energy from light but their carbon from organic compounds

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25

what type of producers are autotrophs?

primary producers

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26

carbon fixation

turn CO2 into sugars which are organic molecules

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27

what is an important base of aquatic food webs?

carbon fixation

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28

decomposers

break down dead and decaying matter to simple molecules (CO2 producers)

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29

what do prokaryotes play a significant role in?

continuously moving carbon though the biosphere

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30

nitrogen fixation

bacteria converts N2 into NH3

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31

ammonification

process by which ammonia is released by breaking down nitrogen

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32

symbiosis

2 species living in close relationship

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33

is free living=living in symbiosis?

no

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34

parasitism

smaller parasite benefits at expense of other species (host)

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35

what is an example of a parasitism?

anthrax and cholera bacteria

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36

pathogen

any organism that can cause disease

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37

commensalism

one species benefits w/out any impact (good or bad) on other species

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38

what’s an example of commensalism ?

most bacteria on our skin

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39

mutualism

both species benefit from each other

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40

what bacteria is an example of mutualism ?

Rhizobium in legume roots get sugar and water which provide fixed N for plant

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41

pathogenic bacteria

cause disease and produces toxins

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42

what type of toxins do pathogenic bacteria release?

exotoxins

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43

what type of bacteria produces exotoxins ?

gram - and gram +

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44

what is an example of pathogenic bacteria ?

tetanus or botulism

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45

Clostridium tetani toxin causes?

uncontrolled spams of voluntary muscles

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46

clostridium botulinum

a gram + bacteria that produces botulinum toxins

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47

endotoxins

toxic outer membranes of some gram - bacteria

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48

endotoxins are only produces by?

gram - bacteria

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49

what is an example of a bacteria that causes endotoxins ?

salmonella (food poisoning)

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50

what do antibiotics kill?

bacteria cells but not eukaryotic cells

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51

when was penicillin discovered ?

1928

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52

what does penicillin affect?

the peptidoglycan cell wall

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53

what’s the human use of prokaryotes ?

DNA technology and genetic engineering as well as commercial chemical and drug production

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54

what food products are prokaryotes used in for humans?

yogurt and cheese

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55

what bacteria is used in yogurt ?

Lactobacillus bulgaricus

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