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what do many prokaryotes have?
plasmids
plasmids
extra tiny DNA rings w/few genes
how do plasmids replicate?
independently
what are the purpose of plasmids?
they’re not essential for life but add diversity such as drug resistance genes
what type of reproduction do prokaryotes use ?
asexual
how does prokaryote reproduction take place?
binary fission
what does binary fission not provide?
an opportunity for genetic recombination or genetic diversity
prokaryotes share genes by what 3 mechanisms?
transformation, transduction, and conjugation
what does HGT result in?
genetic recombination and genetic diversity
high rate of cell division=
many mutations
one mutation can change ?
phenotype
how are mutations passed on in?
clones if they’re not lethal
what does selection favor?
the best clones
short generation time=
rapid evolution
what type of bacteria are endospores ?
gram +
what are characteristics of endospores?
dormant and non-reproductive
what can endospores survive?
heat and drought for yrs
what bacteria causes anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis where DNA and key materials are safely packaged
what bacteria causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
what is the term used to describe how humans obtain energy and carbon?
chemoorganoheterotrophs
photoautotroph
use energy from sunlight and carbon from carbon dioxide
chemoheterotroph
obtain both energy and carbon from an organic chemical source
chemolithoautotroph
obtain their energy from inorganic compounds and they build their complex molecules from carbon dioxide
photoheterotroph
obtain energy from light but their carbon from organic compounds
what type of producers are autotrophs?
primary producers
carbon fixation
turn CO2 into sugars which are organic molecules
what is an important base of aquatic food webs?
carbon fixation
decomposers
break down dead and decaying matter to simple molecules (CO2 producers)
what do prokaryotes play a significant role in?
continuously moving carbon though the biosphere
nitrogen fixation
bacteria converts N2 into NH3
ammonification
process by which ammonia is released by breaking down nitrogen
symbiosis
2 species living in close relationship
is free living=living in symbiosis?
no
parasitism
smaller parasite benefits at expense of other species (host)
what is an example of a parasitism?
anthrax and cholera bacteria
pathogen
any organism that can cause disease
commensalism
one species benefits w/out any impact (good or bad) on other species
what’s an example of commensalism ?
most bacteria on our skin
mutualism
both species benefit from each other
what bacteria is an example of mutualism ?
Rhizobium in legume roots get sugar and water which provide fixed N for plant
pathogenic bacteria
cause disease and produces toxins
what type of toxins do pathogenic bacteria release?
exotoxins
what type of bacteria produces exotoxins ?
gram - and gram +
what is an example of pathogenic bacteria ?
tetanus or botulism
Clostridium tetani toxin causes?
uncontrolled spams of voluntary muscles
clostridium botulinum
a gram + bacteria that produces botulinum toxins
endotoxins
toxic outer membranes of some gram - bacteria
endotoxins are only produces by?
gram - bacteria
what is an example of a bacteria that causes endotoxins ?
salmonella (food poisoning)
what do antibiotics kill?
bacteria cells but not eukaryotic cells
when was penicillin discovered ?
1928
what does penicillin affect?
the peptidoglycan cell wall
what’s the human use of prokaryotes ?
DNA technology and genetic engineering as well as commercial chemical and drug production
what food products are prokaryotes used in for humans?
yogurt and cheese
what bacteria is used in yogurt ?
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
