TRACE ELEMENTS & NUTRITION IN PREGNANCY & LACTATION

MICROMINERALS

a group of minerals which are needed by the body in minute amounts to perform certain vital functions

MICROMINERALS

• sometimes called TRACE MINERALS because they are found in the adult body at a level of about 5 grams and must be consumed in amounts less than 100 mg in a day. 

Iron

Used for hemoglobin and other key compounds used in respiration; and immune functions

Meat,

spinach

seafood

broccoli

peas

bran

enriched cereals

breads

Iron FOOD SOURCES:

Hemochromatosis

toxicity with children who consume 60 mgs or more, as in iron pills

Iron

Low blood iron, small, pale RBC:

low blood

hemoglobin

values;

microcytic

anemia

Iron

most abundant trace minerals in the body

Iron Deficiency Anemia

common condition if there is a lack of Iron

Anemia

Reduction in size or number of red blood cell or in the quantity of hemoglobin resulting in decreased capacity of the body to carry oxygen

Vitamin C

High doses of _____ have also been reported as a cause for Iron Overload

Hemosiderosis

excessive amount of iron

Hemochromatosis

genetically transmitted disease in which patients absorb unusually large amounts of iron and store them in tissues that normally do not store iron.

Required for enzymes: growth, immunity, alcohol metabolism,

Zinc

Reproduction. That’s why aside from vitamins, in treating colds or cough, you also add zinc in the diet

Seafood

meats

greens

whole

grains

Zinc FOOD RESOURCES

Skin rash

diarrhea

decreased

appetite; hair

loss

poor

growth: poor

wound healing

DEFICIENCY SIGNS OFF Zinc

Zinc

Reduce copper absorption: diarrhea, cramps and decrease immunity (above 45 mgs per day.

• nausea

• vomiting

• fever

Zinc

If there is diarrhea - _____ is included in the diet ded Intake:  10-15mg

2 to 5

The body contains about ____ gms of zine.

700 to 800

80%

4%

Blood Concentration:  _________mg, ____ of which is present in the RBC, ___in WBC and platelets, and the remainder in the serum largely in combination with protein.

90 mg/100

Serum:  about ______ mL.

3 to 4

Human milk contains ____mg zinc per liter

Iodine

Aids thyroid hormone

Iodine

Recommended Intake: 1mcg/kgBW or 150mcg per day

20-30

Body normally contains _____ mg of Iodine

8mg

About ______ is concentrated in the thyroid gland and the rest is widely distributed throughout all tissues and 

Also, a result of low iron in pregnancy

lodized salt

seaweed

saltwater fish

dairy products

FOOD SOURCES OF IODINE:

Iodine

Goiter, poor growth in infancy when mother is iodide deficient during pregnancy

Iron Deficiency

Related to iodine.  Increases the rate of still birth, perinatal, and infant mortality

Cretinism

caused by insufficient iodine intake of a mother during pregnancy which deprives the fetus of the nutrient and the baby born becomes a cretin.

Hypothyroidism

The child suffers from _____, is physically dwarfed, is mentally retarded, and has thick pasty skin and protruding abdomen.

Myxedema

adults who have had problems with low iodine intake throughout their childhood and adolescence.

Myxedema

The child will develop coarse and sparse hair, yellow and dry skin poor tolerance to cold, low and husky voice.

Myxedema

Also result from low iron in pregnancy

-Tyrotoxicosis

-Iodine-induced Goiter -Tachycardia

-Palpitation-Insomnia

-Exophthalmos

Inhibition of function of the thyroid gland:

Fluoride

Increases resistance of tooth enamel to dental caries

Fluoride

Forms a more stable compound in the dentine and enamel of the teeth, thus reducing dental carries and minimizing bone loss

Fluoride

Effective in the treatment of osteoporosis

Fluoride

DAILY INTAKE:

2.5-2.9 mg/day

0.25-1.0 mg/day

Fluoridated water

toothpaste

dental treatments

tea

seaweed

FOOD SOURCES OF FLUORIDE:

Water

MAJOR RESOURCE MAJOR SOURCE:

Water

may be obtained from natural sources (fluorine in water) or through fluoridation

fruits

vegetables

cereals

Small amounts:(FLUORIDE)

sea food

tea levels

Rich Amounts:(FLUORIDE)

water

topical agents (toothpaste)

Chief sources: (FLUORIDE)

fluoridated salt/milk

According to WHO: (FLUORIDE)

Fluoride

Effects of Deficiency:

Increased risk of dental caries

Fluoride

Effects of Excess: Dental fluorosis, osteosclerosis, growth depression, and fatal poisoning

Fluoride

TOXICITY:

Stomach upset, mottled enamest bone pain (above 6 mgs/day)

Selenium

Aids antioxidant system

Selenium

Content in the diet is dependent on the soil content where food source is grown

Selenium

Reduces/prevents the effects of Vitamin E deficiency

Selenium

A component of glutathione peroxidase which is responsible for inactivating the peroxides that cause the oxidation and rancidity of facts

Meats

eggs

fish

seafood

whole grains

organ meats

muscles meats

cereals

dairy products

FOOD SOURCES; (Selenium)

Selenium

Muscle pain, tenderness and weakness; a form of heart disease, pancreatic degeneration, and hemolytic anemia

Selenium

TOXICITY:

Nausea,vomiting ,hair loss, liver disease (above 200 mcg per day)

Selenium

RNI: 31 mcg for adults

Copper

Aids in iron metabolism; works with many enzymes; aids with hormone synthesis

Liver

Cocoa

dried beans

nuts

whole grains

dried fruits

food sources; (Copper)

Copper

Safe/adequate intake for adult: 1.5 - 3 mcg

Copper

Anemia, low

white blood cell

count, poor

growth

Copper

TOXICITY:

Vomiting, nervous system disorders (above 10 mgs per day)

Chromium

RNI for adults:  50 - 200 mcg per day

Chromium

Enhances blood glucose control

Egg yolks

whole grains

pork

nuts

mushrooms

FOOD RESOURCES (Chromium)

Chromium

High blood glucose after eating

Chromium

Toxicity:

Liver damage; lung cancer (not to exceed 200 mgs per day)

Manganese

Aids the action of some enzymes

Nuts

oats

beans

Tea

FOOD RESOURCES : (Manganese)

Manganese

None in humans

Manganese

Toxicity:

Not defined in humans

Molybdenum

Aids the action of some enzymes

Beans

grains

nuts

FOOD RESOURCES:(Molybdenum)

Molybdenum

None in healthy humans

Molybdenum

Unknown in humans