Introduction to Microbiology (Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences)

cell

the fundamental unit of any living organism

acellular microbes and cellular microbes

what are the two major categories of microbes?

cytology

the study of structure and function of cells

cellular membrane

a cell organelle that separates the contents of the cell from the outside world

nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and nuclear membrane

what are the three components of the nucleus?

cytoplasm

it is a type of protoplasm that is a semifluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix. it is also where most of the cell's metabolic reactions occur.

cytosol

the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm excluding the granules and organelles

endoplasmic reticulum

a highly convoluted membranes that are interconnected and arranged to form a transport of network of tubules and flattened sac within the cytoplasm

Rough ER

ER which ribosomes are attached to the outer surface of membranes

Smooth ER

ER which ribosomes are not attached to the outer surface of membranes

ribosomes

the site of protein synthesis that mainly consists of RNA

golgi complex/ golgi body

stacks of flattened, membranous sacs that connects or communicates with the ER and completes the transformation of newly synthesized proteins, into pure mature ones

golgi body

it is also called as packaging plants

lysosomes

small vesicles containing lysozyme and other digestive enzymes that break down foreign material into the cell by phagocytes

peroxisomes

membrane-bound vesicles in which hydrogen peroxide is both generated and broken down

mitochondria

the major energy-carrying or energy-storing molecules within the cell and is referred to as the powerhouse or the energy factory

plastids

membrane-bound structures containing various photosynthetic pigments and the site of photosynthesis

cytoskeleton

a system of fibers

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

what are the three types of cytoskeletal fibers that serve to strengthen, support, and stiffen the cell and gives its shape?

cell wall

the external structure that provides rigidity, shape, and protection to the cell

flagella

organelles of locomotion that is relatively long and thin structures in eukaryotic cells

cilia

organelles of locomotion that is shorter, thinner, and more numerous than the flagella

binary fission

the simple division of one cell into two cells

cell membrane, cytoplasm, bacterial cell wall, flagella, pili, and spores

what are the organelles present on a prokaryotic cell?

spores or endospores

enables bacteria to survive in adverse conditions such as temperature extremes, desiccation, and lack of nutrients

pili or fimbriae

rigid, hair-like structure most often observed on gram-negative bacteria that enables bacteria to adhere to surfaces

peptidoglycan

a complex macromolecular polymer found in bacterial cell walls and also known as murein

simple stain

a staining procedure that determines bacterial shape and morphologic arrangement

structural staining procedure

a staining procedure used to determine bacterial capsules, spores, and flagella

glycocalyx

a slimy, gelatinous material produced by the cell membrane and secreted into the cell wall

slime layers and capsules

what are the types of glycocalyx?

eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and virus

what are the three classifications of microorganisms?

taxonomy

the science of classification of organisms

eukarya, bacteria, and archaea

what are the three domains?

methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles

what are the three major groups of archaea?

methanogens

strict anaerobes that produce methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen

extreme halophiles

a major archaea group that requires high concentrations of salt for survival

hyperthermophiles

a major archaea group that normally grows in extremely hot environments

eukaryotic species

a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

prokaryotic species

a population of cells with similar characteristics

culture

bacteria grown at any given time in media

clone

population of cells derived from a single parent cell

strain

genetically different cells within a clone and are identified by numbers, letters, or names that follow the specific epithet

viral species

population of viruses with similar characteristics occupying a particular ecological niche

morphological characteristics

what method is useful for identifying eukaryotes?

differential staining

what method is Gram-staining and Acid-fast staining belong to?

biochemical test

what method determines the presence of bacterial enzymes?

serology

the science that studies blood serum, immune responses, and reactions of microorganisms with specific antibodies

serology

this method is useful in identifying strains and species

phage typing

a test for determining to which phage a bacterium is susceptible

fatty acid methyl ester

what does FAME stand for?

flow cytometry

a method used to identify bacteria in a sample without culturing the bacteria

DNA fingerprinting

a method that compares fragments from different organisms and provides information on genetic similarities and differences

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

a method that measures the ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another organism

Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests

a test used to increase or amplify the amount of microbial DNA to levels that can be tested by gel electrophoresis

DNA chips

it is also called as Microarray that quickly detects a pathogen in a host or the environment by identifying a gene that is unique to that pathogen

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

what does FISH stand for?

FISH

it is a test used to identify, determine abundance and activity of microorganism in an environment that cannot be cultivated