GCSE PE Year 10 Autumn term

CV system , heart, blood vessels, components of blood, adrenaline + vascular shunting

What is cardiovascular system formed by?

heart, blood vessels and blood

What is one function of the cardiovascular system? (1)

Transports oxygen, CO2, and nutrients.

How does the heart contribute to energy release in cells?

It pumps oxygen around the body, which releases energy stored as glucose in cells.

What waste products does the cardiovascular system carry away from cells?

CO2 and lactic acid.

What nutrients does the cardiovascular system transport to necessary places?

Water and amino acids.

What is one function of the cardiovascular system? (2)

Helps the blood clot

What role do platelets play in blood clotting?

Platelets help to clot blood by forming a scab that stops bleeding and heals wounds.

What is one function of the cardiovascular system? (3)

Controls Body Temperature

Definition of vasodilation

When veins get bigger - widening of internal lumen of vessel allows increased blood flow

Definition of vasoconstriction

When veins get bigger - narrowing of internal lumen of vessel allows decreased blood flow

How does the CV system control body temperature when body gets too hot ?

Blood vessels close to the skin dilate and blood is diverted toward surface of skin allowing more heat to radiate out

How does the CV system control body temperature when body gets too cold?

Blood vessels constrict and blood is diverted away from skin surface and less heat is lost

Direction of the blood through the heart

Vena cava (deoxygenated blood from body) - Right atrium - Right ventricle (through tricuspid valve) - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary artery - lungs to be oxygenated - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle (through bicuspid valve) - aortic semilunar valve - aorta - body

How the heart pumps blood: Phase 1

Systole (Heart contracts) - blood is passed from both atria into ventricles (ventricles then contract)

How the heart pumps blood: Phase 2

Diastole (Heart relaxes) - Heart refills with blood (both atria and ventricles relaz

What is Blood Pressure?

Measure of force that heart uses to pump blood around body

What can High BP indicate (in sport)?

High risk of health problems in the future

What are the two numbers of blood pressure

Systolic (Top) Diastolic (Bottom)

What does Systolic mean?

Heart is contracting and pushing blood around the body

What does Diastolic mean?

Heart is relaxing and filling with blood

What is adrenaline and how is it released?

A hormone that the body releases when exercising (Muscles are requiring more o2 and nutrients)

What does adrenaline do?

Heart rate gets faster

Cause of Adrenaline

Causes glycogen to be released from liver

What does body do when exercising (blood)?

Diverts blood away from organs to working muscles

What is vascular shunting?

Process that increases blood flow to active areas during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas (digestive system)

What processes happen in vascular shunting?

Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation

Process of vascular shunting

When exercising - heart beats faster _ oxygen levels drop due to increased muscle usage and increased demand
Build up of Co2 and Lactic acid occur
Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow to active areas and constrict to decrease flow to inactive areas - digestive system
Blood is transported to active areas.

What happens to blood pressure when blood vessel dilate?

Blood pressure drops when blood vessels dilate

Plasma

Carries blood cells and platelets to necessary places
Carries digested food (glucose and nutrient)
Carries dissolved carbon dioxide to remove from blood
Regulates fluid content by passing fluid from blood vessels to body tissue (dehydrated muscles)
Regulates body temperature and maintains Blood pressure and Blood volume

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

Carries oxygen round body in haemoglobin (protein)
Wears out after 4 months - removed from body via liver and spleen
Continuously produced in bone marrow
Carries carbon dioxide and other metabolic by-products away from muscles
important in any aerobic exercises - ensures muscles have oxygen needed to perform at high levels

White blood cells (Leukocytes)

Part of immune system - Detects places which have disease and fight against infections or diseases
Some WBC completely engulf bacteria or viruses
Others destroy the pathogen with chemical called antibodies
Lifespan of a few days - made in bone marrow - larger than RBC
During exercise:
Numbers and activity increases so illness can be detected earlier
Remaining free from illness will allow athletes to achieve peak performance

Platelets

Form blood clots when blood vessels get damaged - prevents infection and blood loss
During exercise - Important (during strength training) to prevent bleeding from torn muscle tissue
Some sports don't allow athlete to be bleeding while playing which keeps athlete off longer - Platelets stop cuts from bleeding as blood clots - important as it allows athlete to continue competing.