RBT study guide

what is ASD

Asd is a developmental disability that causes significant social, communication, and behavioral challenge.

What is applied behavioral Analysis

This is the scientific approach for discovering environmental variables that reliably influence ASD

who can provide ABA serivices

BCBA

BC/BA

RBT/BT

What is reinforcment

occur when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of the behavior

Verbal behavior

a behavior whose reinforcement is immediately mediated by a listener

Non-vocal

facial expressions, movements, gestures are still considered verbal behavior

Receptive Language

ability to understand

expressive language

Ability to communicate

Types of receptive language

listening

reading

speaking

Example of verbal operant

Mand

Tact

Echoic

Intraverbals

Textual

Transcription

Mand

-Demand, command, ask or request

Tact

Labeling

Echoics

Echo

Intraverbals

Conersations

Textuals

reading aloud what you see written

Transcription

This involves a spoken verbal stimulus that evoked a written response

Data

This is a quantifiable dimension of behavior

continuous measurement

measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the responses class of interest are detected during the observation period

Types of continuous measurment

Frequency

Rate

Duration

Latency

Inter-Response Time(IRT)

Rate:

The total number of times a behavior occurs over a certain duration of time.

Latency

time between presentation of the SD and start of a response

Inter-response time

the time between two responses in that same response class.

Discontinuous measurement

A time Samp,ing measurement that does noe always catch or record every instance of behavior

Types of dicountinous measurement

Partial Interval time

Whole interval time

momentary time saampling

Partial interval time

Record if the behavior doesn't have a clear stop

Whole interval time

record if the behavior occurs throughout the whole interval

Momentary time sampling

record if the behavior happens at the end of the interval

Permanent product recording

A behavior that leaves an impact on the environment and can be measured after the behavior occurs as it produces a tangible product

What is behavior

behavior is any action of a living organism

Observable actions

all the things other people can see

Overt

The thing/actions we can all see

Covert

The thing we are not able to see

What is an operational definition

It is based on a precise description of what something looks like including observable measurable terms.

Contigency

A special relationship between two things that takes the form of "If-Then" statements

Positive reinforcement

add something to increase behavior

Negative reinforcement

take away something to increase a behavior

Positive punishment

add something to decrease behavior

Negative Punishment

take away something to decrease behavior

primary reinforcement

innately reinforcing stimulus (biological need)

secondary reinforcement

something you have learned to value

schedule of reinforcement

This are protocols or sets of rules that are followed when delivering reinforcers

Types of schedule of reinforcement

Continuous Schedule

Intermittent schedule

Continuous schedule

You are delivering reinforcement after every single correct response from the learner.

Fixed ration schedule (FRI)

Another name for continuous schedule of reinforcement.

Types of Intermitting schedules of reinforcement

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Variable-Interval Schedule

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Fixed-Interval Schedule

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Discrete-trial Training

a technique that breaks down a complex skill into smaller more teachable components

Prompt

Supplementary antecedent stimulus used to gain a correct response in the presence of an Sd that will eventually control the behavior.

Response prompt

operates directly on the response

stimulus prompt

operates on the task stimuli to cue a response

Types of response prompts

Verbal Instructions

Modeling

Physical Guidance

Most-to-least prompts

Involves teaching a skill by starting with the most intrusive prompt

Least-to-most prompts

involves allowing the learner an opportunity to independently respond to the instructions first

Types of stimulus prompt

Gestural prompts

Positional Prompts

Visual Prompts

Movements Prompt

Error correction procedure

When an instructor corrects an incorrect response

transfer trial procedure

represent original SD and then use a lesser prompt than the first

Distractor trial procedure

A target that your learner has mastered

Errorless Learning

The instructor uses prompting immediately to ensure the learner responds correctly every time

Natural environment Training(NET)

focused on learning new behaviors in the natural environment

Satiation

being satisfied and reaching full gratification with a reinforcer

Deprivation

Reduced access to a reinforcer that increases the value of that reinforcer

Task analysis

The process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process.

Backwards chaining

Teaching each steps beginning with the last step

Forward chaining

Teaching each steps in order

Total chaining

You teach all of the steps in unison

Stimulus control

the ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and discourage others

Generalization

occurs when a taught skill occurs outside of the teaching enviroment

Types of generalization

stimulus generalization

response generalization

Stimulus generalization

Same response from a stimulus that shares similar features to the original stimulus

Response generalization

The same generalization can generate multiple similar response

Maintenance

When skill continues to exist even after teaching stops

Shaping

A technique used to teach new skills/ behavior to learners

Token economy

A reinforcement strategy where generalized reinforces are exchanged for backup reinforcement(something the learners want)

Preference Assessment

A tool used guide practitioners in providing reinforcement to a client to increase the future probability of a behavior

Single stimulus

when one item is presented at a time

Paired stimulus

When two items are presented at a time to the individuals

Multiple stimulus

When 3 or more stimulus are presented to an individual

Functional Assessment

Helps us identify problem behaviors, hypothesize their functions, and guides our treatment development

Types of functional assesment

Indirect Assessment

Direct Assessment

Functional Analysis

Motivating Operations(Mos)

Environmental variables that alter the effectiveness of some stimuli

ABC data

Antecedent

Behavior

Consequences

Discriminative Operations(SD)

A specific environmental cue that signals to an individual that a particular behavior will be reinforced

Premack Principle

A learner will perform a less preferred activity to gain access to a more preferred activity

Behavioral Momentum

starting with easy task in a row before giving them a difficult task

Environmental Modifications

Sometimes items or locations in your learner's environment may evoke challenging behaviors

Priming

Used to set the stage for a desired response or to reduce the likelihood of a challenging response.

Differential reinforcement

Providing a reinforcer when the correct or an appropriate response occurs and not doing so when it does not occur or another response occurs

Types of Differential reinforcement

Differential reinforcement of alternating behaviors(DRA)

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior(DRI)

Differential reinforcement of other behavior(DRO)

Differential reinforcement of lower rates of behavior(DRL)

Differential reinforcement of higher rates of behavior(DRH)

Extinction

Reduces a challenging behavior by withholding the reinforcement for that particular behavior

Behavioral crisis

A situation in which a person's behavior can put them in jeopardy of harming themselves or others

Trigger

An environmental event that usually happens right before the behavior we are concerned about

Precursor Behavhior

A behavior that a person exhibits right before more serious behavior

Dual relationship

situation where multiple roles exist between a therapist and a parent or client.

Assent

vocal or non-vocal behavior that can be taken as willingness to participate in research or behavioral services by individuals who cannot provide informed consent.

Assent withdrawal

The non-agreement to participate by an individual who is unable to revoke or withdraw legal consent.