"good test questions" kassandra quiz midterm

What is humanism?

A system of thought attaching prime importance to humans instead of divine or supernatural matter.

What did the death of Rapheal mark?

End of the high renaissance.

What does the renaissance mean?

The rebirth of classical thinking, culture, commerce, invention, theology and philosophy. The renaissance turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in Ancient Greek and Roman thought (Classical forms)

Who were the four major artists of the high renaissance period?

Leonardo, Rapheal, Michealangelo, and Titian.

Who was Da Vinci’s teacher?

Verrocchio

Who were the “big three” in the high renaissance? What were they known for?

Leonardo: the ultimate renaissance man

Michelangelo: enameled creative power

Raphael: expressed the classical spirit

Who commissioned Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel and Raphael’s frescos in the Vatican?

Pope Julius II (1503 - ?? CE) (Greatest art patron)

What were Pope Julius and Michelangelo?

Frenimies

What does black and white smoke symbolize in the Vatican?

After the pope dies, white smoke means they elected another pope and black smoke means they didn’t.

Who initiated the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica?

Pope Julius II

Who accelerated the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica?

Pope Leo X

What do white lilies symbolize?

Virgin Mary

Where was Da Vinci’s “The Last Supper” originally commissioned to be

Cafeteria/dining room wall

Where did Verrocchio primarily work?

Florence

Where did Pope Julius II have Raphael work?

Decorating papal apartments

How long did Raphael live?

1483 - 1520 CE

What are the four branches of knowledge as painted by Raphael in Pope Julius II’s library? (Known as Stanza della Segnatura)

Theology/Philosophy

Poetry

The Arts

Law/Justice

Who are the central figures in Rapheal’s School of Athens from the Stanza della Segnatura fresco? What do they represent?

Plato: philosophy

Aristotle: math

What are the three types of fresco and their differences?

Buon: Classic fresco, only wet for a few hours before it dries, no color blue

Secco: Painting onto dry plaster, binding medium is egg yolk, oil, or glue

Mezzo: medium - lime water paint to almost dry plaster

What did the Medicci academy think of sculptures?

Perfectibility of sculptures was seen as a metaphor for the human ability to strive for perfection in a various life - truth of the soul within a physical form of a human.

What did Michelangelo do different with his marble selection?

He would travel and select it himself and “see” the piece in the marble stone.

What does fresco mean?

Fresh

What is plaster made of?

Limewater and volcanic ash

Geroviccio

Thin white layer of preparation fresco is applied to.

Spoto

Pouring (?) technique

How many colors did Michelangelo use to paint the Sistine Chapel?

7

What is humanism?

Study or art of humans

What is mannerism?

Derived from the Italian maniera, meaning simply “style,” mannerism is sometimes defined as the “stylish style” for its emphasis on self-conscious artifice over realistic depiction.

How can you identify Michelangelo in the painting “School of Athens”?

Michelangelo is wearing an artisans boots.

What are “pretty boy” David’s eyes inspired by?

Constantine sculpture from ancient Rome

Why is Michelangelo’s David so big?

It was meant to be placed on top of the Florentine town hall. It was carved in a hallway.

What type of carving did Michelangelo typically do?

Subtractive carving

What was the Sistine Chapel coated with?

Marble dust, volcanic ash, and lime mixture. Michelangelo never let his marble go to waste.

Who was actually the first female?

Lilith

Who are three important names to remember in the mannerism era?

Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno

What was the relationship between Giorgne and Titian?

Titian was Giorgne’s assistant

What type of paintings did Giorgne and Titian make?

They focused on idyllic landscapes, mythology, Gods, nymphs, and the like.

Why is it difficult to identify Giorgne’s paintings?

They are not dated and not signed

What was different about mannerism?

Focused on the effects of weather and landscapes compared to the figures

Use of oil paint

Dream like space

Fluffy trees

What is different about “Assumption of the Virgin” by Titian?

Mary/Madonna’s clothes’ colors are reversed

God’s bust is in view

Angel is holding a crown of heaven

Who commissioned the Venus of Urbino by Titian?

The Duke of Urbino

What pose is Venus in?

Venus pudica pose

Who were three important female patrons of art?

Elizabeth, Mary, and Isabella

Who were the Tudor half sisters?

Mary I and Elizabeth I

What was Elizabeth I most known as?

The Pirate Queen (fun fact she was alive at the same time as Shakespeare)

Who were many of the 16th century Italian artists inspired by?

Michelangelo and Raphael

Which artisan was the core artisan of Spain 16th CE?

Sofonisba Anguissola

Who was Lavinia Fontana?

Official Papal painter in 1603 Rome

What is special about the painting “Do Not Touch Me” by Lavinia Fontana?

Jesus was mistaken as a gardener because of his spade and hat

Why did people keep cleaning paintings such as those with Roman paint?

Roman paint oxidizes

Tell me about Humanism artisans and works.

Essay question

Who are the two statues in “The School of Athens”?

Apollo and Athena

Why were self portraits made?

Because you always have “you” + it was used as a calling card

How long was mannerism?

Short-lived - 20 years

What was/happened during the mannerism period?

It was an anti-classical movement. disregarded science from greek and rome. focused on imperfections - distorted figures eg. elongated bones, enigmatic gestures

What does putty mean?

A fat italian baby

What does a capless column represent?

Incomplete civilization

Where did Leonardo and Michelangelo get the inspiration for the last supper from?

Andrea del Castagio’s Last Supper

Where is Grunewald’s Isenheim Alterpiece located?

In St. Anthony’s hospital that specialized in skin diseases including plague and leprosy. Tis a tryptich.

Who was Albrecht Durer and what did he do?

He was the Son of Nuremberg goldsmith and became the foremost artist of the German Renaissance. He wrote manuals that discussed Renaissance problems of perspective, ideal human proportions, and techniques of painting.

What weird thing did durer dabble in?

He dabbled in occult and alchemy

Who were the four horsemen of the apocalypse?

Death - the one with the scales

Famine - front most one

War - sword

Conquest - arrow

There is a sea serpent killing the Pope?

What is melencolia?

Thinking language

Who holds the keys to heaven?

Saint Peter

What happened in the reformation of the arts?

Change of sale of indulgence pay to forgive sins

Martin Luther questioned church authority

Rome launched a counter reformation

Increased literacy

Allowed scholars throughout Europe to debate religious matters

What is iconoclasm?

Destruction of the icons

Who was Hans Holbein the Younger?

He was the official artist for Henry VIII

Where is the floor from the ambassadors from?

Westminster Abby

Why is the skull in The Ambassadors warped?

There are different entry points in the room it was painted in (theory)

Why was Peter Bruegel the Elder’s Return of the hunters important?

First painting to use atmospheric perspective.

Tell me about El Greco.

El Greco began his career as a Byzantine icon painter in his native Crete (Minoan Civilization). Crete was under Venetian rule at the time.

His style combined the intense emotionalism of late Byzantine art and rich color and brushwork of Torinteno style.

What was Baroque art?

17th century art in Europe

Dramatic, emotional, theatrical style

Follows the guidelines of religious leaders

Baroque art intentionally invokes an intense emotional response from the viewer

Open compositions

Elements move diagonally

What happened during the Baroque period? (In relation to Popes and renewal)

Popes began renewal by cutting long straight avenues through the city to link major pilgrimage churches, marking each site with an Egyptian obelisk

Spiritual exercises using all the senses to feel like heaven - religious ecstasy

Art became an instrument of propaganda

Protestant forces took control in the North

Who were the three most important families of the Baroque period?

Borghese, Barberni, Farnese

Who ordered the modernization of the St. Peter’s Basillica?

Borghese Pope Paul V

What was placed on the high alter of St. Peter’s tomb?

Honeybees and Suns that represented the Barberini family (Bernini was the official architect of St. Peters until his death)

What is the most striking factor of Bernini’s works?

Golden rays

Why did Bernini (?) design the St. Peter’s basilica the way he did?

To symbolize the “motherly” arms of the church

What does Baldicchino mean?

Canopy

What are the passions of Christ?

Trials he was subjected to

Who is which river in Bernini’s Fountain of the Four Rivers?

Nile covers his face

Rio de la Plata has a hoard of coins symbolizing the new world

Ganges holds an oar

Danube (Europe) awestruck reaches for the Pope

Who commissioned the Fountain of the Four Rivers?

Pope Innocent X

What is in the center of the sea shell in Fountain of the Four Rivers?

Papal court of arms - two keys

What is happening in Bernini’s St. Teresa of Avila in Ecstasy?

An angel is repeatedly stabbing a woman to give her religious ecstasy

What is special about the architecture in Borronini’s Church of San Carlo?

Angulating walls

What does trompe l’oeil mean?

Trick of the eye (used in Baroque art)

What did Annibala and Agostino Carracci do?

First to establish an art academy in Italy

They placed a high value in complex figure positions

They worked mainly in oil and Fresco

What are the 5 colors of tennebrism?

White, black, red, blue, yellow

What are some facts about Carvaggio’s painting style?

Painted from a small sophisticated circle

Painted directly on his canvas

Sketched w a sharp point (probably the end of his paintbrush)

Direct and dramatic figures

Tenebrism

(He was also a gay pedophile who hated women and he murdered someone because he lost a tennis match)

Who was the leading artist in the Golden Age of Spain?

Diego Velazquez

Who was Diego Velazquez?

He was the official painter to Young Philip the 4th

What colors did Velaquez use for his highlights?

White, lemon yellow, pale orange

Who invented the painting factory?

Peter Paul Rubens

What is the symbol of France?

The Fleur de Lis

What does the Medicci crest look like?

Circle with more circles inside

Who was Franz Hals?

The leading painting of Haarlem

Tell me about Franz Hals’ painting.

Lace

Colors look solid only from a distance

What does lace symbolize in Dutch paintings?

It shows status and wealth

How did the painters decide how much of an irl figure would show?

By the money they paid

Why is the night watch by Rembrandt called that? Tell me a bit about it

A lot of dust made an original daytime painting dark

The girl w dead chicken represents the mascot of the Malita company

Baroque style on hand of dude

Elite citizens of Amsterdamn

Foreshortening of hands and weapons

They love guns - progression of gun being shot

Shield was added when the men died