organic compounds bio

4 most common elements in living things

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Common feature of organic compounds

They contain carbon

Monomers and polymers relationship

Monomers are the building blocks of polymers. When monomers bond, polymers are formed.

Example of a monomer

Glucose

Example of a polymer

Starch

Bonds a carbon atom can make

4

Importance of carbon's bonding capability

It is a large number, so carbon can bond to many things.

Functional group

A group of atoms in a molecule with distinctive chemical properties.

Example of a functional group

COOH - carboxyl group (makes molecule acidic)

Types of organic compounds

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Monomer of carbohydrates

Glucose, fructose

Function of carbohydrates in the body

Short term energy storage, cell structure

Monomer of lipids

Fatty acids, phosphate groups, glycerol

Monomer of proteins

Amino acids

Function of proteins

Make hormones, enzymes, and repair muscles + bones

Monomer of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

Function of nucleic acids

Transmit and store genetic information

Major function of carbohydrates

A short term energy supply/quick source of energy

Isomers

Compounds that have the same chemical formula, but are different because they do not have the same structural formula.

Foods with simple carbs

Cake and candy

Foods with complex carbs

Pasta, rice, grains

Types of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Polysaccharide plants create

Starch

Polysaccharide animals make

Glycogen, stored in the liver

Where cellulose can be found

The cell walls of plants

Most abundant organic compound in the body

Proteins

how many types of amino acids

500+, 20 in body

Bond between amino acids

Peptide bonds

Polypeptide

Many amino acids linked together through peptide bonds

4 functions of proteins

Structural (hair, nails, skin), transport (hemoglobin transports oxygen through blood), speed up chemical reactions, antibodies (protect)

Function of enzymes

To speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Molecule that an enzyme bonds with

Substrate

Lock and Key model of enzymes

The theory that says an enzyme can only bond with a substrate if they click together like a lock and key.

Factors that affect enzyme function

Temperature & pH

Denatured protein

When a protein becomes denatured, it is malformed and cannot function anymore.

Causes of protein denaturation

Intense changes in the protein's environment (extreme temperature/pH)

Can denatured enzymes regain their shape?

No

Dictates the primary structure of proteins

The sequence of amino acids

Common secondary structures of proteins

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

Difference between tertiary and quaternary protein structure

Tertiary structure is where there are multiple folded proteins linked together to make a compact 3D structure. Quaternary structure is where multiple 3D structures are linked together and made into 1 protein.

examples of lipids

Fats and oils

Are lipids polar or non-polar?

Non-polar

Meaning of non-polar lipids

They are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water. Their charges are equally distributed across the molecule.

Functions of lipids

Long term energy storage, insulation, building cell membranes

Structure of a triglyceride

3 fatty acid chains bonded with glycerol, used as energy by cells.

Structure of a phospholipid

Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail, 2 hydrophobic fatty acid chains, make up cell membranes.

Type of fatty acid that is bent

Unsaturated lipids, because of the double bond.

Type of fatty acids that are liquid at room temperature

Unsaturated lipids

Types of nucleic acids

DNA & RNA

Role of nucleic acids in the body

Transmit and store genetic information.

Parts of a nucleotide

Base, sugar, phosphate group

Connection between genes, DNA, and chromosomes

Many genes put together make up DNA, kind of like monomers and polymers. The DNA strand itself is contained in a chromosome, which is found in cells.

Reaction that builds polymers

Dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction

Molecule formed when monomers bond

Water molecule

Reaction that splits polymers into monomers

Hydrolysis reaction

Example of when the body breaks down polymers

Large molecules in food are broken down into monomers in the stomach/when we digest food.

Endergonic definition

energy consuming

Exergonic definition

energy releasing