Bio CH 10 SQ1

The two types of nucleic acids are

DNA and RNA

The monomer for a nucleic acid is

a nucleotide

The parts to a nucleotide are

a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen containing base

A single strand of nucleotides, a nucleotide polymer, chain

DNA Polynucleotide

two vertical strands, the vertical part of the strands are made up of alternating sugars and phosphate groups. the nitrogen containing bases make up the horizontal elements that span and connect the two strands.

The Double Helix

The bonds between each nucleotide that make a single chain are strong covalent bonds while the bonds between nucleotides of separate complementary chains are relatively weak hydrogen bonds.

Double Helix Bonding

The types of DNA monomers are

purines and pyrimidines

have nitrogen containing bases with two rings

purines

two purines

adenine and guanine

have nitrogen containing bases with one ring

pyrimidines

two pyrimidines

thymine and cytosine

only occurs with its complementary nucleotide. in order to make a two stranded double helix, purines only bond with pyrimidines or specifically cytosine only with guanine and thymine only with adenine

nucleotide bonding between DNA strands

The two nucleotides are different with regard to their sugars. __ nucleotides have deoxyribose and __ nucleotides have ribose

DNA; RNA

The two nucleotides are different with regard to the types of nucleotides. *__*has the nucleotide thymine while ___ has uracil instead

DNA; RNA

the process of DNA copying itself

DNA replication

half the parental molecule is conserved or remains in each of the new/daughter DNA helices. DNA replication occurs in the nucleus of the cell. This process occurs during S phase of interphase

the semiconservative model

the enzyme ___ unzips the double helix in a number of places along the DNA strand

helicase

another enzyme ___ attaches to each of the single strands and begins the process of moving along, reading, and adding one complementary nucleotide at a time to each of the original strands.

DNA polymerase

a third enzyme ___ ties ends of DNA pieces into two new DNA strands

DNA ligase

the process of making RNA from DNA and it occurs in the nucleus of a cell

transcription

RNA polymerase attaches to a promoter region of the DNA

during the initiation of transcription

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA segment to read and build a single strand of complementary RNA by adding one new complementary RNA nucleotide at a time.

during elongation of transcription

the RNA polymerase reaches the terminator region of the DNA, the newly made RNA strand is released from the DNA

during termination of transcription

separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane

a transcript in eukaryotic cells

does not remove introns from the RNA segment and the mRNA is translated in its entirety

a transcript in prokaryotic cells

the segments of the code that are kept and will later be expressed

exons

the segments of the RNA transcript that are removed and insignificant

introns

the three types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

the transcript, is an uncoiled single RNA strand/segment that carries the DNA code, triplet code, to the cytoplasm for translation

messenger RNA

a hairpin shaped single RNA strand that contains a three letter nucleotide sequence called the ___ which corresponds to a particular amino acids

transfer RNA; anti-codon

a globular formed RNA strand that reads and pairs complementary codons of the mRNA with that of the tRNA’s anticodon, each carrying a corresponding amino acid

ribosomal RNA

the making of a polypeptide from mRNA, a transcript, and occurs in the cytoplasm

translation

the products of the process will eventually turn the process off

negative feedback control system