Biology 101 final exam

List the steps of the scientific method

Make observations

Ask questions

For my hypothesis

Make a prediction

Do the experiment

Draw a conclusion

Report their results

Define hypothesis

A proposed explanation for a set of observations

A valid hypothesis must be testable and proven wrong

Define variables, independent variables, and dependent variables

The independent variable is what is being manipulated by the researchers as a potential cause – the object under investigation

The dependent variable is the response output or effect under investigation that is used to judge the outcome of the experiment

Define science

An approach to understanding the natural world around us

Describe the properties associated with the living organisms and the characteristics which make life forms unique

Define homeostasis and metabolism

Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell such as catabolic and anabolic reactions

Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal condition conditions with certain boundaries a.k.a. balance

List the four elements coming to all life on earth

Carbon hydrogen oxide, and nitrogen

Proteins are constructed from amino acids carbohydrates for monosaccharides nucleic acids are constructed from nucleotides and lipids are constructed from glycerol and fatty acids

This one’s for free

Be able to state the sale theory

All living things are composed of cells

All cells come from living cells, so every cell in your body, and in every other living organism on earth was formed by division of a previously living cell

Describe the main difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell do not have a true nucleus. Smaller and simpler. No membrane bound organelles but do have tiny ribosomes. They have a region with a single circular DNA strand. Organisms like bacteria and archive bacteria.

Eukaryotic cells contain a true nucleus. Large and complex. Have membrane bound, including ribosomes. One or more linear chromosomes. Organisms, including protest, plants, fungi, and animals.

Describe the structure and function of the various organelles found within the cell

Nucleus cell wall plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, chloroplast, lysosomes, rough, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum cytoskeleton central vacuolar

Describe the functions of the plasma membrane

The plasma membrane consist of a double layer of fat (lipid bilayer) with embedded proteins

Four components of the plasma membrane

Phospholipid, bilayer, cholesterol, protein, proteins, and carbohydrate chain

List and discuss the three types of passive transport

Diffusion osmosis and facilitated diffusion

This is assistant transport is called facilitated diffusion a type of passive transport performed by proteins

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration to spread out evenly into the available. Space.

The diffusion of water across the selectively permeable membrane is osmosis

Define what it means to be selectively permeable

The plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell. This means that some substances can move across the membrane while others cannot cross.

Explain the three types of water balances and predict the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic

Hypertonic solution is greater outside the cell than inside the cell. When cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, water will rush out of a cell by osmosis and caused the cell to shrink.

Hypotonic solution is higher inside the cell when then outside the cell. Water will move inside the cell by osmosis and the cell will swell.

Isotonic solution solutions. Solute and water concentrations both inside and outside of the cell membrane are equal. No net gain of water no net loss of water.

Compare kinetic energy and potential energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion or mechanical energy

Potential energy is stored energy energy that an object has because of its location or structure

Be able to state the law of conservation of energy and give example examples which illustrated

The conservation of energy is a physical principle known as conservation of matter and energy. It explains that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another.

Be able to state a lot of entropy and give examples which illustrate it

Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. When energy has changed from one form to another there is a loss of usable energy.

explain the role of ATP and lifeforms and cellular work

Chemical energy released by the breakdown of organic molecules during cellular respiration is used to generate molecules of ATP. ATP is used to work.

Differentiate aerobic and anaerobic pathways

Energy to feel biological work is produced aerobically in the presence of oxygen or anaerobically in the absence of oxygen

Aerobic utilize oxygen anaerobic does not utilize oxygen

Define auto drops and heterotrophs, producers, and consumers

Heterotrophs are consumers because they obtained their food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants

Auto drops unknown as producers because they’re able to make their own food from raw materials and energy

Provide a total amount of ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration

32. ATP.

Discussed the normal functions of cell division in asexual reproduction and in sexual reproduction

Cell division placed several important roles in the lives of organisms

Cell division replaces damage damaged or loss. Cell cells permits. Growth of cells allows for sexual reproduction

Define mitosis and cytokinesis

Mitosis is the type of cell division, responsible for asexual reproduction and growth and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm

Summarize the four phases of the mitosis cell cycle and recognize a description of a cell in each phase

Prophase: chromosomes condense (now with two sister chromatids) nuclear envelope and nucleus disappear. The mitotic spindle forms from the central old pair. Protein microtubules (spindle) attach and move the chromosomes around like a clothes line.

Metaphase: chromosomes aligned across the equator of the cell on the tide ex spindle

Anaphase: central mirrors split. Sister rotates are pulled apart toward opposite poles. They look V-shaped.

Telophase Cullen nuclear envelope appear, and nucleus (appears) around chromosomes. Membrane appears. Chromosomes revert back to the uncondensed form (chromatin).

compare and contrast the events from sales produced by mitosis versus cells produced by meiosis

Crossing over, occurs in prophase one

Interphase: a cell cycle is the ordered sequence of events that extend from the time the cell is first form from a dividing parent cell to its own division into two cells.

The cell cycle consist of:

1. Interphase

2. Mitosis

3. Cytokines

Define alleles distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous alleles. Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.

Labels are alternative forms of a gene. If an organism has two different alleles for a gene one, a Leo determines the organisms appearance and it’s called the heterozygous all.

An organism that has two identical alleles for a gene is said to be homozygous for that gene

Describe the basic structure of a DNA molecule, including how the nucleotides are bonded together down the middle

The nucleotides are covalently linked together in a chain through the sugars and phosphates which will form a backbone of alternating sugar, phosphate, sugar, phosphate bonds

Define evolution

Evolution is the fundamental principle of life and the poor thing that defines all of biology. The theory of evolution by natural selection is the one principle that makes sense of everything we know about living organisms. Evolution can help us understand every aspect of life, therefore biology students should try to understand evolution, and greater detail.

State the two main points of Darwin’s theory of evolution. Describe a theory.

Darwin presented two main points in that book.

Species living today arose from a succession of ancestors that were different from them in a processed Darwin called “descent with modification”. The process of selection is the driving force of evolution.

Define natural selection

The process whereby organisms better adapted to the environment to survive and produce more offspring

List the lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution by natural selection

Multiple lines of evidence points life’s unity: the similarities seen among in between fossil and living organisms – the common cellular processes – the universal chemical structure of organisms

Explain what is meant by “descent with modification”

Species living today arose from a succession of ancestors that were different from them

Define mutations and evolutionary adaptations

Mutations are the raw materials of evolution, and adaptations are mutations that help organisms survive in their environment. Mutations are genetic changes that create new variation, when a mutation positively affects the fitness of offspring. It’s called an adaptation.

Explain what is meant by “survival of the fittest”

Survival of the fittest means that organisms that are better adapted to the environment our best suited to survive and successful successfully reproduce.