Bio lecture exam

What is the study of structure?

Anatomy

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

-gross/macroscopic (regional, systemic, surface)

-microscopic (cytology and histology)

-developmental (embryology)

What is the study of the function of the body that focuses on the cellular and molecular level?

physiology

Why do we study physiology?

-Ability to focus at many levels

-study of basic physical principles

-Study of basic chemical principles

Levels of structural organizations

Captain cook took out Olivia's ovaries

-chemical

-cellular (basic unit of life)

-tissue

-organ

-organ system

-organismal

Atoms- molecules- organelle- smooth muscle cell- cloud vessel- cardiovascular system- human

What are the necessary functions of humans?

Mom makes really delicious muffins, donuts, and raspberry gelato

-maintaining boundaries (plasma membrane, skin)

-movements (contractility)

-responsiveness (withdrawal reflex, control breathing rate, response to stimuli)

-digestion (breakdown and absorption)

-metabolism(catabolism and anabolism)

-dispose of wastes (elimination)

-Reproduction (offspring)

-growth

Which metabolism breaks down larger substances to smaller substances?

Catabolism

Which metabolism builds smaller substances to larger substances?

Anabolism

What are the survival needs?

appropriate amounts necessary for life

-nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins)

-oxygen (ATP)

-water (most abundant)

-normal body temperature (37/98.6)

-appropriate atmospheric pressure (gas exchange)

Homeostasis

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environments

Dynamic state of equilibrium

Feedback systems

Challenges

-physical insults (heat/ lack of oxygen)

-changes in internal environment (drop in blood glucose due to lack of food)

-physiological stress (demands of work or school)

Feedback systems

- A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, re-evaluated

components

—receptor (sensor, responds to stimuli)

—control center (set point, receives input from output, determine appropriate response)

—effector (receives output from control center, negative (reduces), or positive (enhances))

Negative feedback

-Reduces or shuts off original stimulus

Regulates:

- body temperature

-blood glucose by insulin

-blood pressure

homeostatic control system

stimulus: produces change in variable

receptor: detects change

input: information sent along afferent pathway to control center

output: information sent along efferent pathways to effector

response: effector reduces the effect of stimulus

Positive feedback

-enhances or exaggerates original stimulus

-cascade/ amplifying effect

Regulates:

-labor enhancements contractions by oxytocin

-platelet plug formation and blood clotting

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails

-forms external body covering

-protects deeper tissues from injury

-synthesizes vitamin D

-houses cutaneous (pain, pressure) receptors, and sweat and oil glands

skeletal system

Bones, joints

-protects and support body organs

-Framework muscles use to move

-blood cells formed

-store minerals

Muscular System

Skeletal muscles

-manipulation of environment

-locomotion

-facial expression

-maintains posture

-produces heat

Nervous system

Brain, nerves, spinal cord

-fast-acting control system

-responses to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Endocrine system

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, ovary

-hormones secreted (growth, reproduction, metabolism)

cardiovascular system

Heart, blood vessels

-transport blood

-carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes

-pumps blood

Lymphatic System/Immunity

Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

-pick up excess fluid leaked from blood vessels

-returns to blood

-lymphocytes

Respiratory system

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus

-supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

- gaseous exchange through the walls of air sacs of lungs

Digestive system

Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus

-breaks down food into absorable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

-indigestible food eliminated as feces

Urinary system

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

-eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body

-regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood

Reproductive system

Prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, Ductus deferents,

Mammary glands, ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina