ap world

Social Contract

The belief that society is built upon people giving up some of their rights and freedoms in exchange for protection from their government.

Montesquieu

This enlightenment thinker advocated for a limited government contained by a system of checks and balances and separation of powers.

Capitalism/Laissez Faire

This economic philosophy attributed to Adam Smith emphasized the rights of people or a corporation to own and control the means of production and therefore keep the profits they generate.

Deism

A popular religious belief held by many enlightenment thinkers that believed in a divine being that created a set of natural laws and then left it to its own devices.

Reign of Terror

Ushered in by Maximillien Robespiere, this marks the height of extremism during the French Revolution where thousands of people lost their heads to the guillotine.

Voltaire

Best known for his social satire Candide, this enlightenment figure promoted the concept of religious liberty and judicial reform.

Napoleon

He became a popular dictator in France after the extremism of the French Revolution carried out by Maximillien Robespierre.

Enlightenment

The era of history when intellectuals attempted to apply the scientific method to human issues in an attempt to solve societal problems.

John Locke

This enlightenment philosopher suggested that the social contract justifies revolution in the face of a tyrannical and unjust government.

Enclosure Movement

The reorganization of land in Europe that resulted in the consolidation of farms into the hands of a small group of large landholders.

Iron and Coal

These two natural resources were essential ingredients for early Industrialization.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

This man led a successful slave revolt that helped free the people of Haiti from French control.

Battle of Saratoga

This battle in the American revolution proved to be a turning point in the war as it boosted morale and led to the French giving aid to the Americans.

Utopian Socialism

This economic system stressed that communes of people should own the means of production to create an ideal society.

Japan

This nation was the first Asian nation to begin industrialization.

Mary Wollstonecraft

This English writer argued that universal education for women would prepare women for professional and political society and enable them to support themselves rather than relying on men.

Italy and Germany

The unification of these two countries in the late 1800s led to a disruption in the balance of power in Europe in the 19th century.

Transcontinental Railroad

The construction of this was completed in 1869 and helped facilitate industrial growth in North America by connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Cotton

The mechanization of which industry ended up replacing flax and linen as popular European fabrics AND led to Great Britain replacing India as the leading world producer.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

This construction stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean and allowed Russia to more easily trade with countries in East Asia.

Cottage System

The system of production prior to industrialization where raw materials would be converted to finished goods in people's homes.

Mass Production through the Division of Labor

The breaking down of production into boring, simple, repetitive tasks that leads to goods being produced faster and cheaper.

James Watt

His improvements on the steam engine made it more efficient thus becoming an inexpensive way to harness coal as an energy source.

Alexander Graham Bell

His invention of the telephone, patented in 1876, was the next major step in the world of communications after the invention of the telegraph.

Interchangeable Parts

This idea implemented by Eli Whitney saw the mass production of individual pieces of machines that simplified assembly and rapidly improved production.

2nd Industrial Revolution

This occurred in the late 19th century and saw Great Britain, U.S., and Germany emerge as the major industrial powers AND saw a shift in industrialization with a new focus on steel, chemicals, and electronics.

Seneca Falls Convention

Activists at this gathering in New York promoted women's rights and suffrage and was a landmark in the history of the women's rights movement.

Bessemer Process

This process simplified the purification of iron and enabled the mass production of steel in the later phase of the industrial revolution.

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

This early French Revolution document outlined the basic natural rights and freedoms desired by the National Assembly.

Simon Bolivar

This man led Latin America fighting against the Spanish in the hopes of creating a federation similar to that seen in the United States.