Corso PP 1-2

Which of the following parts is incorrectly matched to it’s definition?

a. dendrites- receive information

b. cell body- white matter

c. synapses- junctions between neurons

d. terminal arborization- branches

b

Name the biogenic NTs:

• Dopamine (DA)

• Norepinephrine (NE)

• Epinephrine (Epi)

• Serotonin (5-HT)

• Acetyl Choline (ACh)

• Histamine

• Melatonin

Name the AA NTs:

• glutamate (glu)

• glycine (gly)

• GABA

Name the purigenic NTs:

• Adenosine

• ATP

Name the peptide NTs:

• Encephalins (met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin)

• Endorphins (beta-endorphin)

Name the retrograde NTs:

• NO

• endocannabinoids

What NT is this?

ACh

What NT is this?

Serotonin

What NT is this?

Melatonin

What NT is this?

Dopamine

What NT is this?

Epi

What NT is this?

Histamine

What NT is this?

Glutamate

What NT is this?

GABA

What NT is this?

Glycine

What NT is this?

Adenosine

What NT is this?

ATP

What CLASS of NTs is this?

endocannabinoids

Where is dopamine found?

Substantia nigra or Nigrostriatal Pathway

Where is serotonin found?

raphe

Where is melatonin found?

pineal gland

Where is histamine found?

hypothalamus

Where is ACh found?

Basal Ganglia or nucleus basalis

Where is NE found?

Locus coeruleus

Where is Epi found?

Adrenal gland

Low dopamine causes what disease? High dopamine causes what disease?

• low DA= Parkinsons

• high DA= Schizophrenia

What disease is caused by cell death to the substantia nigra?

Parkinsons

What disease is caused by overactivation of the mesolimbic section of the brain?

Schizophrenia

What’s a side effect of Haloperidol?

What’s a side effect of L-dopa?

• Haloperidol—> was used for schizophrenia—> side effect of Parkinson’s symptoms

• L-dopa—> used for Parkinson’s—> side effect of hallucinations

Spinal motor neurons use ________ as their primary neurotransmitter?

a. NE

b. Epi

c. DA

d. ACh

d

In the parasympathetic nervous system, __________ serves as the primary neurotransmitter at both the preganglionic and postganglionic neuron.

a. NE

b. Epi

c. DA

d. ACh

d.

In the sympathetic nervous system, what is the primary NT at the pre and post ganglionic neuron?

• pre—> ACh

• post—> NE

What 3 types of cells are found in the nervous system? function?

• Nerve cells (neurons)—> conducting cells

• Support cells (neuroglia)—> nonconducting cells

• Blood vessel cells—> separated from the brain via the BBB

What classes of neurons are sensory?

• pseudounipolar

• bipolar

What classes of neurons are motor?

• multipolar

Which cells wrap myelin around axons and dendrites? What’s the difference between the 2 cells?

• oligodendrocytes—> myelin in CNS

• Schwann cells—> myelin in PNS

Which glial cells form the blood brain barrier?

astrocytes

What cells does Guillain-Barre syndrome effect?

Schwann cells

What is the difference between anterograde transport and retrograde transport?

• Anterograde

  • Going away

  • Moves materials from cell body to the terminal

  • Can be fast/slow

• Retrograde

  • Coming back

  • Moves materials from the terminals back to the cell body

  • Only occurs at fast rate

Describe each type of synapse:

• axodendritic

• axosomatic

• axoaxonic

• dendrodendritic

• Axodendritic—> classical synapse

• Axosomatic —> axon to cell body

• Axoaxonic—> axon to axon

• Dendrodendritic—> dendrite to dendrite

What is the most abundant NT in the CNS?

glutamate

What is GABA made from? What 1 step reaction occurs?

• made from glutamate

• made form 1 step carboxylation

How is GABA degraded?

GABA is converted back to glutamate

Answer the following about Glycine:

• What AA is the precursor to glycine?

• How is it created?

• serine

• Serine (3C) donates its carbon to folate (TH4) to create Glycine (2C)

How is ACh made? How is it degraded?

• made:

  • 1 step—> AcCoA + Choline= ACh using the enzyme choline acetyltransferase

• degrade:

  • degraded in the SYNPASE

  • 1 step—> Ach degraded to acetic acid and choline using acetylcholinesterase

Explain how acetylcholinesterase inhibitors increase synaptic ACh levels for treatment of MG and Alzheimer’s.

Inhibit the enzyme that degrades ACh and causes ACh to hang out longer in the synapse.

What are the precursor molecules to dopamine?

Phenylalanine—> L-Tyrosine —> L-Dopa —> Dopamine

What are the precursor molecules of EPI and NE?

Dopamine—> NE—> Epi

What are the precursor molecules of serotonin and melatonin?

Tryptophan—> 5-hydroxytrptophan—> serotonin —> N-acetyl serotonin —> melatonin

What is the tx for Parkinsons?

L-dopa + Carbidopa

Why is L-DOPA given to Parkinson’s patients?

• Dopamine cannot cross the BBB

• L-dopa can cross the BBB

Why is carbidopa also give to patients taking L-Dopa?

• Does not cross the BBB

• Prevents L-dopa —> dopamine conversion in the peripheral tissues/ outside the brain

Why are some Parkinson’s pts. also given MAO-I’s or COMT-I’s?

• Prevents degradation of dopamine

• Increases concentration of dopamine

Name the enzymes involved in the catabolism of each of the following:

NT	Enzymes for catabolism
Dopamine
NE and Epi
Serotonin
Histamine

NT	Enzymes for catabolism
Dopamine	MAO-B COMT
NE and Epi	MAO-A COMT
Serotonin	MAO-A aldehyde dehydrogenase
Histamine	MAO-B diamine oxidase

(I would just pay attention to whether its MAO-A or B)

How do small molecule NTs get into vesicles?

• secondary active transport using a proton (H+)/ NT antiporter

How and where are peptide NTs made?

• how?—> how normal proteins are made (transcription, translation, etc.)

• where?—> rough ER

What NT’s do VMAT1 and VMAT2 transport?

• VMAT1—> neuroendocrine

• VMAT2—> DA, NE, 5HT, H

WHAT DRUG inhibits VMAT2?

Reserpine

For a cell to polarize there are ___ Na+ out and ___K+ in to create a - charge inside the cell.

3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

What’s the clinical correlation to depolarization and AP in the synapse?

pufferfish toxin blocks V-gated Na+ channels

What’s the clinical correlation to NT release?

Botulinum toxin blocks ACh release

Describe how NTs are released into the synapse:

1. ____ reaches terminal

2. _________________ channels open

3. __________ binds to __________

4. release of NTs

1. AP reaches terminal

2. V-gated Ca++ channels open

3. Calcium binds to proteins on vesicles

4. Release of NTs

List the NT that use excitatory, inotropic, inward, Na+ channels:

(just memorize the table)

Ach, Serotonin, Glutamate, Glu/Gly in the brain, and ATP

List the receptor for each of the following that are excitatory, ionotropic inward Na+ channels:

• ACh

• Serotonin

• Glutamate

• Glu/Gly in the brain

• ATP

(just memorize the table)

• ACh- N1, N2

• Serotonin- 5HT3

• Glutamate- AMPA, Kainate

• Glu/Gly in the brain- NMDA

• ATP- P2X1-7

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