MAB Chapter 1 Test (Teacher Set)

Gene cloning

the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA

Model organisms

organisms studied by many different researchers so they can compare their results and determine scientific principles that apply more broadly to other species

Human Genome Project

An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.

CRISPR-Cas

a technique that inactivates or alters the production of proteins by editing genetic sequences into DNA

biotechnology

The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.

Recombinant DNA

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

Historical biotechnology

using microorganisms to make bread, beer, penicillin; selective breeding of livestock and crops

Gene therapy

The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder

bioinformatics

application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data

10. Recombinant proteins

Proteins that can result from the expression of recombinant DNA within living cells

11. antibiotics

substances produced by living organisms that have antimicrobial effects

12. genetic engineering

the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules to modify an organism

13. Medical Biotechnology

application of biotechnology tools for producing medical products that can be used for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease

14. Stem Cells

undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same cell

15. Animal Biotechnology

molecular biology techniques are used to genetically engineer (i.e. modify the genome of) animals in order to improve their suitability for pharmaceutical, agricultural or industrial applications.

16. Forensic Biotechnology

application of genetics, cell and molecular biology, and chemistry to link a person(s), whether suspect or victim, to a place, an object(s), or another person. Such linkages can be used to further investigations for both criminal and civil cases.

17. Aquatic Biotechnology

application of science and engineering for the direct or indirect use of marine organisms or parts or products of living marine organisms in their natural or modified forms

18. Bioremediation

the use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced microorganisms or other forms of life to consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site.

19 Agricultural Biotechnology

range of tools, including traditional breeding techniques, that alter living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify products; improve plants or animals;

20. Gene editing

DNA is inserted, deleted, modified or replaced in the genome of a living organism

21.Microbial Biotechnology

methods and strategies for the production and use of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms (e.g. yeasts, fungi, algae) and archaea for substance synthesis and the use of the microorganisms or their substances in applications in the industry and pharmaceuticals

22. DNA Fingerprinting

a laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals. D

23. Gene Knockout

involves the targeted removal or inactivation of a specific gene within an organism's genome which allow researchers to study the function of a specific gene in vivo

24. Transgenic animal

an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences

Enzymes

proteins that act as biological catalysts

amylase

enzyme that breaks down starch

Cellulase

an enzyme that weakens plant cell walls by degrading cellulose

selective breeding

the human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits

example of selective breeding

zebra fish - model organism-bred from mutants to create a transparent fish- used for drug and cancer testing

modern biotechnology examples

gene editing, use of bacteria to manufacture large batch antibiotics and drugs, gene cloning, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA

insulin

1st approved used of recombinant DNA for human consumption (drug)

An example of agricultural biotechnology

The Common White Button Mushroom

The common white button mushroom

the First Gene-Edited Crop Created by C R I S P R to Be Approved for Human Consumption-inactivated the gene that produces browning- longer shelf life

Pros of Agricultural Biotechnology

• Plants are more environmentally friendly that yield more per acre (genetically engineered)

• Resistance to diseases and insects

• Foods with higher protein or vitamin content

• Drugs developed and grown as plant products

An example of gene editing

horn growing gene was removed and replaced with a gene that stops horns from growing for cows

Example of bioremediation

application of oil-degrading bacteria to an oil spill

Salmon

first FDA approved GM animal for human consumption

example of aquatic biotechnology

transgenic salmon with growth hormone to grow larger

genomics

study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions

single nucleotide polymorphism

One-nucleotide DNA sequence variation carried by a measurable percentage of a population. Differs from person to person.

True or False: most SNPs have no affect on a person or their genes

True

BRACA 1 and BRACA 2

an example of an SNP that causes a mutation in the gene and results in a genetic disorder or cancer

Nanotechnology

Small particles that can deliver drugs to cells

Pharmacogenomics

customized medicine tailor designing treatments based on a specific genetic profile

Gene Therapy Technology

Replacing or augmenting defective genes with normal copies of the gene:

why are stem cells so important?

can give rise to many types of differentiated cells

Regenerative medicine

Genetically modifying stem cells of patients to treat genetic disease conditions

SNP

single nucleotide polymorphism

Pharmacutical companies

involved in drug development (chemically synthesizing or purifying compounds to make the drug)

Biotechnology companies

involved in drug development using live organisms, and create other products that are not drugs using living organisms.

angel donor

a venture capitalist that invests in a biotechnology company start up

finance and administration

the part of a biotech company that handles Finance, business development, administration, information systems, legal, and facilities management

research and development

the part of a biotech company that handles Preclinical, discovery research, bioinformatics, and lab safety

Quality control and Quality assurance

the part of a biotech company that handles federal regulations (FDA, EPA, USDA) must be followed

Operations

the part of a biotech company that handles Process/product development, manufacturing, and production

recombinant protein

a gene's protein product derived by molecular cloning

Califonia

the state with the highest concentration of biotechnology companies

Antibiotic

A substance produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms; commonly used to treat bacterial infections in humans, pets, and farm animals.

Batch (large-scale) Processes

Growing microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast and other living cells such as mammalian cells in large quantities for the purpose of isolating useful products in a batch.

Clinical Research

department that oversees a strict series of tests that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment in humans

Quality Assurance (QA)

All activities involved in regulating the final quality of a product, including quality-control measures.

Quality Control (QC)

Procedures that are part of the QA process involving laboratory testing and monitoring of production processes to ensure consistent product standards (of purity, performance, and the like).

Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)

Cells typically derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst; cells can undergo differentiation to form all cell types in the body.

Adult-Derived Stem Cells (ASCs)

Stem cells derived from tissues of an adult, as opposed to embryonic stem cells, which are derived from a blastocyst; can differentiate to produce other cell types but not all types.

Research and Development (R&D)

All of the processes involved in basic research (for example, pre-clinical research) and development of a potential product. The lifeblood of a biotechnology company, [this] is how companies identify new technologies, drugs, etc. for commercialization.

Startup Company

Formed by a small team of scientists who believe they may have a promising product to make (such as a recombinant protein to treat disease). The team must typically then seek investors to fund their company so they can buy or rent laboratory facilities, buy equipment and supplies, and continue the research and development necessary to make their product.

Research Assistants (or Research Associates)

Laboratory position in which individuals are primarily involved in carrying out experiments under the supervision of other scientists such as principal or senior scientists.

Principle or Senior Scientists

Science leadership position in biotechnology companies; senior scientists are usually Ph.D. or M.D.- trained individuals who plan and direct the research priorities of a company.

Bioinformaticists

Scientists specializing in the bioinformatics.

Operations/Manufacturing

Primary activitiy consisting of transforming inputs into the final products

Sales Representatives

Salespersons in biotechnology companies; sales representatives are "people persons" who work closely with medical doctors, hospitals, and health care providers to promote a company's products.