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Gene cloning
the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA
Model organisms
organisms studied by many different researchers so they can compare their results and determine scientific principles that apply more broadly to other species
Human Genome Project
An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
CRISPR-Cas
a technique that inactivates or alters the production of proteins by editing genetic sequences into DNA
biotechnology
The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.
Recombinant DNA
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
Historical biotechnology
using microorganisms to make bread, beer, penicillin; selective breeding of livestock and crops
Gene therapy
The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder
bioinformatics
application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data
Recombinant proteins
Proteins that can result from the expression of recombinant DNA within living cells
antibiotics
substances produced by living organisms that have antimicrobial effects
genetic engineering
the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules to modify an organism
Medical Biotechnology
application of biotechnology tools for producing medical products that can be used for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease
Stem Cells
undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same cell
Animal Biotechnology
molecular biology techniques are used to genetically engineer (i.e. modify the genome of) animals in order to improve their suitability for pharmaceutical, agricultural or industrial applications.
Forensic Biotechnology
application of genetics, cell and molecular biology, and chemistry to link a person(s), whether suspect or victim, to a place, an object(s), or another person. Such linkages can be used to further investigations for both criminal and civil cases.
Aquatic Biotechnology
application of science and engineering for the direct or indirect use of marine organisms or parts or products of living marine organisms in their natural or modified forms
Bioremediation
the use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced microorganisms or other forms of life to consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site.
19 Agricultural Biotechnology
range of tools, including traditional breeding techniques, that alter living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify products; improve plants or animals;
Gene editing
DNA is inserted, deleted, modified or replaced in the genome of a living organism
21.Microbial Biotechnology
methods and strategies for the production and use of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms (e.g. yeasts, fungi, algae) and archaea for substance synthesis and the use of the microorganisms or their substances in applications in the industry and pharmaceuticals
DNA Fingerprinting
a laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals. D
Gene Knockout
involves the targeted removal or inactivation of a specific gene within an organism's genome which allow researchers to study the function of a specific gene in vivo
Transgenic animal
an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences
Enzymes
proteins that act as biological catalysts
amylase
enzyme that breaks down starch
Cellulase
an enzyme that weakens plant cell walls by degrading cellulose
selective breeding
the human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits
example of selective breeding
zebra fish - model organism-bred from mutants to create a transparent fish- used for drug and cancer testing
modern biotechnology examples
gene editing, use of bacteria to manufacture large batch antibiotics and drugs, gene cloning, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA
insulin
1st approved used of recombinant DNA for human consumption (drug)
An example of agricultural biotechnology
The Common White Button Mushroom
The common white button mushroom
the First Gene-Edited Crop Created by C R I S P R to Be Approved for Human Consumption-inactivated the gene that produces browning- longer shelf life
Pros of Agricultural Biotechnology
Plants are more environmentally friendly that yield more per acre (genetically engineered)
Resistance to diseases and insects
Foods with higher protein or vitamin content
Drugs developed and grown as plant products
An example of gene editing
horn growing gene was removed and replaced with a gene that stops horns from growing for cows
Example of bioremediation
application of oil-degrading bacteria to an oil spill
Salmon
first FDA approved GM animal for human consumption
example of aquatic biotechnology
transgenic salmon with growth hormone to grow larger
genomics
study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions
single nucleotide polymorphism
One-nucleotide DNA sequence variation carried by a measurable percentage of a population. Differs from person to person.
True or False: most SNPs have no affect on a person or their genes
True
BRACA 1 and BRACA 2
an example of an SNP that causes a mutation in the gene and results in a genetic disorder or cancer
Nanotechnology
Small particles that can deliver drugs to cells
Pharmacogenomics
customized medicine tailor designing treatments based on a specific genetic profile
Gene Therapy Technology
Replacing or augmenting defective genes with normal copies of the gene:
why are stem cells so important?
can give rise to many types of differentiated cells
Regenerative medicine
Genetically modifying stem cells of patients to treat genetic disease conditions
SNP
single nucleotide polymorphism
Pharmacutical companies
involved in drug development (chemically synthesizing or purifying compounds to make the drug)
Biotechnology companies
involved in drug development using live organisms, and create other products that are not drugs using living organisms.
angel donor
a venture capitalist that invests in a biotechnology company start up
finance and administration
the part of a biotech company that handles Finance, business development, administration, information systems, legal, and facilities management
research and development
the part of a biotech company that handles Preclinical, discovery research, bioinformatics, and lab safety
Quality control and Quality assurance
the part of a biotech company that handles federal regulations (FDA, EPA, USDA) must be followed
Operations
the part of a biotech company that handles Process/product development, manufacturing, and production
recombinant protein
a gene's protein product derived by molecular cloning
Califonia
the state with the highest concentration of biotechnology companies
Antibiotic
A substance produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms; commonly used to treat bacterial infections in humans, pets, and farm animals.
Batch (large-scale) Processes
Growing microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast and other living cells such as mammalian cells in large quantities for the purpose of isolating useful products in a batch.
Clinical Research
department that oversees a strict series of tests that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment in humans
Quality Assurance (QA)
All activities involved in regulating the final quality of a product, including quality-control measures.
Quality Control (QC)
Procedures that are part of the QA process involving laboratory testing and monitoring of production processes to ensure consistent product standards (of purity, performance, and the like).
Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
Cells typically derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst; cells can undergo differentiation to form all cell types in the body.
Adult-Derived Stem Cells (ASCs)
Stem cells derived from tissues of an adult, as opposed to embryonic stem cells, which are derived from a blastocyst; can differentiate to produce other cell types but not all types.
Research and Development (R&D)
All of the processes involved in basic research (for example, pre-clinical research) and development of a potential product. The lifeblood of a biotechnology company, [this] is how companies identify new technologies, drugs, etc. for commercialization.
Startup Company
Formed by a small team of scientists who believe they may have a promising product to make (such as a recombinant protein to treat disease). The team must typically then seek investors to fund their company so they can buy or rent laboratory facilities, buy equipment and supplies, and continue the research and development necessary to make their product.
Research Assistants (or Research Associates)
Laboratory position in which individuals are primarily involved in carrying out experiments under the supervision of other scientists such as principal or senior scientists.
Principle or Senior Scientists
Science leadership position in biotechnology companies; senior scientists are usually Ph.D. or M.D.- trained individuals who plan and direct the research priorities of a company.
Bioinformaticists
Scientists specializing in the bioinformatics.
Operations/Manufacturing
Primary activitiy consisting of transforming inputs into the final products
Sales Representatives
Salespersons in biotechnology companies; sales representatives are "people persons" who work closely with medical doctors, hospitals, and health care providers to promote a company's products.
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