Policing in America final exam

Discussions require APA citations

True

My instructor is ...

Greg Stewart

Quizzes are due...

saturdays by 8pm

Backtracking is not allowed on quizzes

True

Employers in the criminal justice field often require background checks. CCJ faculty are often interviewed as part of these checks and questioned about the honesty of their former students.

True

Availability bias refers to

people over-estimating the likelihood of events which are easy to remember.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three issues associated with the problem of groupthink

lack of leadership (power overestimation, close mindedness, and uniformity pressure ARE)

Training is all that is needed to overcome biases and heuristics

False

Even before they were called "Bobbies" early English watchmen were called (hint: this was in the video on early British policing)

Charlies

Parliament and the citizenry of Britain initially favored the police due to respect for the military.

False

Heuristics =

follow the path of least resistance

Models are help because they are exact depictions of reality.

False

APA citations begin with the title of the article/book/chapter.

False, begin with the authors name: Last name, first initial.

When are you required to use block quotations in APA Style?

When it reaches a certain length

An in-text citation allows the reader to attribute which idea, facts and opinions are the authors and which ones come from the sources.

True

America's policing tradition originated from the practices put forth during the French Revolution as both entities expressed an outward commitment to liberty.

False

"Kin Police" refers to..

An early form of British policing focusing on community members enforcing the law.

In America the early activities of Nightwatchmen and Constables was...

reactive in nature, only responding to the requests from witnesses or victims.

The London Metropolitan Police Act (1829)

established a full-time uniformed police force.

According to Dr. Uchida, the London police emphasized their authority as being based in institutional authority.

True

Which of the following is NOT one of the three points made by Dr. Tyler in Enhancing Police Legitimacy...

Police gain support from Uchida's concept of institutional authority. (Voluntary support is linked to police legitimacy,
Police need public support to be effective at order-maintenance, How the public perceives police use of authority impacts perceptions of legitimacy ARE)

According to Tyler's (2004) "Enhancing Police Legitimacy" the threat of sanctions play no role in determining adherence to the law.

False

According to Tyler's (2004) Enhancing Police Legitimacy, ineffectiveness at crime fighting and increasing complaints against police led to a deterioration of police legitimacy in the late 1990's.

False

A strategy using legitimacy increases cooperation by...

drawing on people's feeling of responsibility and obligation.

Procedural Justice is ....

important to Whites, Hispanics, Blacks as well as different genders and a individuals with different political leanings.

One of the biggest issues with Prohibition was the lack of loopholes. This allowed over-zealous law enforcement to crack down on a wide variety of groups.

False

key elements in procedural justice

outcome


Being treated with respect


perceived motivation

Participation

Early British police used uniforms similar to British "Red Coats" to inspire discipline and order in their ranks.

False

According to the lecture, Distance + Cover =

time

According to the lecture the use of armored vehicles by the police epitomizes the problem of militarization of police force.

False

According to Peel's Principles the police should seek public favor by utilizing discretion in enforcing the law and ensuring their actions are supported by popular mandate.

False

recurring theme in Peel's Principles of Policing:

Crime prevention being the primary purpose of policing

The importance of limiting the use of force

That police are subject to, not creators of, the law

The important of gaining cooperation versus compelling obedience

The principles put forth by Sir Robert Peel are something which both police advocates and police reformers can often agree on.

True

Which of the following represent weakness in "Political Era" policing

Brutality

The highly centralized nature of American policing allowed for the expansion of slave patrols into the American South.

False

Early police reformers, such as August Vollmer, did not favor college graduates as police as they were not representative of the community.

False

recommendation made by progressive police reformers, during the Reform Era:

increase the centralization of police, with the goal of increasing the autonomy of police from politicians.

Upgrade police personnel with the goal of providing better training, discipline and selection.

The use of civil service selection helped remove the most blatant forms of cronyism in policing.

True

reasons responsible for the failure of progressive reforms to policing

The political machines of the era were too strong.

The police resented the involvement of the reformers.

Policing could not be divorced form politics.

While not all reforms were successful, many of the progressive reforms adopted resulted from efforts from inside policing .

True

August Vollmer was among the first police chiefs to actively recruit college students.

True

One of the great success of the second reform era in policing was the adoption of a nation-wide college degree requirement for police officers.

False

One of the great myths of the 1960's and 1970's is the belief that there was a dramatic increase in reported crime during this period.

False

What factors were associated with riots and social disorder between 1964 and 1968...

Institutional Racism

Direct action by police


Lack of social services

True or False: The surge in violence in the 1960's was a result of economic malaise, unemployment and a massive increase in economic inequality.

False

True or False: Bull Connor's use of violence during the Birmingham Riots of 1963 was able to prevent integration efforts such as de-segragating lunch counters and allowing "Whites Only" signs to remain in place.

False

priorities of reform era policing:

Increase professionalism

Reduce corruption

Increase efficiency

The introduction of police cars and two-way radios...

increased police efficiency.

Progressive Era concerns around the provision of social services led to the advent of community policing initiatives during the reform era.

False

characteristics associated with the Standard Model of Policing:

follow-up investigations


intensive enforcement


rapid response to calls

True or False: The Kerner Commission Report laid the blame for the 1960's civil unrest on agitators inside the Black community.

False

Martin Luther King believed that resistance to unjust laws was justified as long as it was...

Conducted Civilly

Conducted Openly

Those involved were willing to accept the penalty.

True or false: The development of the patrol car with radio was an important component of policing in the Reform Era.

True

Which of the following questions are true regarding policing experiments discussed in the lecture

The Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment had no effect on crime.

The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment had not effect on crime but did reduce fear of crime.

While recidivism rates are high in the United States, Europe's commitment to rehabilitation has manage to produce low rates of recidivism

False

Is the following statement true or false:

"...elites from both the Republican Party and the southern wing of the Democratic Party
drew connections between the racial conflagrations occurring across the country, the civil rights demonstrations, and the rise in crime rates described in the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Reports."

True

Which of the following statements is true about drug crime enforcement during the 1980's and onward:

The enforcement of drug laws a was used as a proxy to address violent crime.

George Kelling, one of the creators of Broken Windows policing, argued for an enforcement intensive, "zero tolerance" approach to crime.

False

Which of the following statements are true of policing styles developed in the 1970's and 1980s

Team Policing was developed in response to the desire to allow for greater engagement with the community while minimizing the potential for corruption.

CompStat could lead to better accountability but could also produce pressure to down-grade crimes to make crime appear lower than it was

The large-scale incarceration of low-level drug offenders drove mass incarceration during the 1980's.

False

According to John Pfaff (from week 4 reading), which of the following options might be employed to reduce the number of people incarcerated:

Have counties bear some of the costs of incarcerating individuals sent to prison by that counties DA.

Explore the possibility of graduate release for older prisoners.

Increase funding for public defenders

Martinson's "Nothing Works" idea was adopted by both liberal and conservative groups for different reasons.

True

Determinate sentencing, sentencing guidelines and mandatory sentencing all played a role in increasing the number of individuals incarcerated by the state.

True

As the public became more concerned with crime it became politicized.

True

The 1970's saw a shift from a rehabilitation focus to a crime control (i.e. increased incarceration) focus.

True

Rapid response to crime and increased professionalism were the primary focus of community policing advocates.

False

Which of the following statements about community policing is true:

Grant funding added a significant number of community police officers

characteristics associated with a community policing agency:

Relationship with community members is a measure of success


Emphasis on problem-solving


Emphasis on community partnerships

Which of the following statements are true regarding the impact of community policing (select all the true statements according to the lecture):

Community policing likely increases public satisfaction with police.

Correct Answer
The findings on community policing's impact on satisfaction with police, crime reduction and fear of crime are mixed.

Broken windows policing cannot be used with community policing due to the conflicting priorities of each strategy.

False

The shift from Reform Era policing to Community policing involved moving from reactive to proactive policing.

True

The psycho-pharmacological effects of drug use lead to violent criminal behavior.

False

According to the Brennan Center, the implementation of CompStat was likely responsible for some portion of the fall in crime.

True

According to Anthony Braga, which of the following strategies are likely effective at crime control:

Hot Spot Policing


Problem-Oriented Policing


Broken-Windows Policing

Police legitimacy is related to the the public's trust and confidence in the police.

True

Giving a person "voice" (i.e. allowing them some say or a chance to express themselves) is not a necessary element of procedural justice, as long as the person is treated respectfully.

False

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between procedural justice (PJ) and police legitimacy (PL):

The relationship is complex. PJ and PL interact with each other.

True or False: The relationship between legal legitimacy, procedural justice and police legitimacy is complex and non-linear.

True

Which of the following statements are true regarding body worn cameras and police legitimacy

The fact that BWCs can show both positive and negative encounters means the could reduce legitimacy, at least in the short run.

The fact that BWCs can increase transparency can improve policing, resulting in long-term improvements in legitimacy.


BWCs improve transparency. This may or may not improve police legitimacy.

According to the lectured, which of the following police strategies have the potential for increasing police legitimacy:

Problem-Oriented Policing

True or False: Over the last three decades, policing's success at reducing violent crime has lead to increasingly high approval ratings.

False

True or False: Despite public perception, White and Black American's report similar levels of confidence in the police when surveyed.

False

Despite public perception, White and Black American's report similar levels of confidence in the police when surveyed.

The level of the community.


The level of the organization


The level of the officer.

True or False: Anthony Braga argues that hot spots policing will invariable result in reduced legitimacy for the police.

False

According to our reading, "Procedural Justice for Law Enforcement," which of the following elements are essential to procedural justice:

Transparency


Fairness


Impartiality


Voice

True or False: Technology has not had a significant impact on policing.

False

True or false: The use of forensics in policing is a recent innovation led by the use of DNA analysis.

False

potential benefits of body worn cameras:

reduced complaints


increased transparency

reduced use of force

True or false: The use of predictive analytics has exponentially increased the effectiveness of police.

True

The lecture highlights how police tend to view technology through the lens of the standard model of policing. For this reason the police tend to focus on how technology can affect...

efficiency

The lecture described two common methods for measuring crime. Select the two measurement methods discussed from the list below

Official Crime Statistics


Victimization Surveys

Because police data are collect by professionals for a variety of uses, the data are exceptionally reliable.

false

True or False: According to our reading "Measuring Performance in a Modern Police Organization," few agencies use citizen satisfaction as a measure of performance.

True

According to our reading "Measuring Performance in a Modern Police Organization" focusing on reported serious crimes is an issue because:

There are often too few serious crimes to count


Serious crimes do not include crimes committed by the police


The community often cares about problems or behaviors other than serious crimes

In our reading "Measuring Police Performance in a Modern Police Organization" running a police agency is compared with:

flying a 737

True or False: According to our reading this week police do not need to use websites like GEDMatch because they already have better DNA databases.

false

According to this week's reading "Alternatives to Bullets," Sid Heal states that devices such as "The Alternative" are replacing the need for deadly force.

True

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between policing and the administration of President Obama

The administration of President Obama had a complex relationship with American policing.

True or false: The US DoJ Civil Rights Division uses "pattern and practice" investigations to examine only the most corrupt police agencies.

False

Which of the following are themes of US DoJ Civil Rights Division investigations of police agencies:

Police use of force


Bias in policing


Supervision of officers