Exam_3_Study_Guide

Bias

Habits in our thinking that can lead to mistakes, such as only noticing positive aspects of a favorite team while ignoring their flaws.

Heuristic

An educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down possible solutions for a problem.

Representativeness heuristic

A common heuristic where people judge the probability of an event based on how closely it resembles a typical case.

Availability heuristic

A cognitive shortcut where people estimate the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.

Functional Fixedness

A cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used.

Convergent Thinking

A type of thinking that focuses on finding a single, correct solution to a problem.

Divergent Thinking

A type of thinking that involves generating multiple, creative solutions to a problem.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to identify, understand, manage, and utilize emotions effectively in oneself and others.

Intelligence

The ability to learn from experience, acquire knowledge, and use resources to adapt to new situations.

G (general intelligence)

A theory that suggests there is a single, underlying intelligence factor that influences performance across various cognitive tasks.

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

A theory that proposes there are various types of intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, and more.

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

A theory that identifies three types of intelligence: Analytical, Creative, and Practical.

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

A measure of intelligence that was originally developed by Binet and Simon to identify children who needed educational assistance.

Reliability

The degree to which a test produces consistent results over time.

Validity

The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

Phonology

The study of the sounds in language.

Syntax

The set of rules that govern how words are arranged into sentences.

Semantics

The aspect of language concerned with meaning, including the meanings of words and sentences.

Pragmatics

The study of how language is used in real-life situations.

Broca’s Area

The part of the brain responsible for language production.

Wernicke’s Area

The part of the brain responsible for language comprehension.

Attachment Theory

A psychological model that describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans, primarily focusing on the bond between children and their caregivers.

Parenting Styles

Different approaches that parents take in raising their children, including authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved.

Cognitive Development

The process of acquiring intelligence and increasingly advanced thought processes throughout childhood.

Psychosocial Development

Erikson's theory that outlines eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood.

Stages of Moral Development

Kohlberg's theory that describes how individuals develop moral reasoning, traditionally divided into three levels with two stages each.

Stress

A psychological and physical response to perceived challenges or threats.

Coping Strategies

Techniques that individuals use to manage stress and anxiety.