Mr.Betz chapter 14-15

2 chapter test

Alexis de Tocqueville

Was a French gov’t official - sent to the U.S. in early 1800s to study the American political system and prison system

Who wrote __Democracy in America____*?*__

Alexis de Tocqueville

what did __Democracy in America__ talk about?

Included problems with race in the U.S.

* slavery of African Americans
* mistreatment of Native Americans

Abolitionist

Reformer who wanted to abolish (end) slavery

2 ways to end slavery:


1. Gradually, peacefully end slavery over time, using laws from state governments and from Congress to make slavery illegal
2. “Immedistists” - wanted to ened slavery quickly, and if necessary, violently

William Lloyd Garrison

An American abolishionist / newspaper publisher / quaker in the mid 1800s. He also co-founded the New England Anti-Slavery society

Who was the publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper called *The Liberator?*

William Lloyd Garrison

Why was William Lloyd Garrison important?

because people learned more about the evils of slavery, which gained support for abolition, and he favored full political rights for all African Americans

Frederick Douglass

was an African American abolitionist / former slave / newspaper publisher in the mid 1800s

He spoke about his life at anti-slabery rallies

He was important because he helped people better understand the life of enslaved people, which gained more uspport for abolition

Who published the anti-slavery newspaper *The North Star*?

Frederick Douglass

Underground Railroad

Network of people (black and white, Northern and Southern) who secretly helped slave escape and reach freedom (homes of abolitionists; churches; caves)

around 50,000 slaves escaped on the underground railroad

What were “stations”

safe place for escaping slaves to stay and rest

who were “conductors”

people who led fugitive (escaping) slaves from station to station

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist / former slave / “conductor” in the middle 1800s

She helped more than 300 slaves escape via the Underground Railroad. She was important because she helped so many people escape slavery

who was “Black Moses”?

nickname for Harriet Tubman

Free soil party

former preident Martin Van Buren - - the only candidate to speak about the issue of slavery

a new party that formed in 1840s to oppose the spread of slavery into the new lands agined from Mexico

Election of 1848

Taylor won because Van Buren was a spoiler who pulled votes of abolitionists away from Cass, which helped Taylor to win

Wilmot Proviso

law proposed by Rep. David Wilmot

would have made slavery illegal in lands gained from Mex-Amer War (\*Missouri Compromise only applied to LA Territory)

pased in the House of Reps & failed in Senate - - showed the division in U.S. caused by slavery

North for or against Wilmot Proviso

For

South for or against Wilmot

Against

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay’s idea

California applied for admission to U.S. in 1850 as a free state, which upset the free state / slave state balance in the Senate

North for or against compromise of 1850

For

* CA was admitted as a free state
* the slave trade (buying and selling slaves) was banned in Washington, D.C.

South for or against compromise of 1850

For

* Popular sovereignty was used to settle the slavery issue in new lands from Mexico
* Tougher new fugitive slave laws

Popular sovereignty

“people rule” - the idea that people living in an area vote directly on issues, rather than having their elected representatives in Congress decide for them

Fugitive Slave Act

a law that allowed slave catchers to go into Northern states and arrest people accused of being a runaway / escaped slave, and return them to slavery

The accused runaway had no right to trial to prove that he / she was a free person

North for or against fugitive slave act?

Against - they were required to help slave catchers, or risk fines (up to $1000) or jail (up to 6 months)

South for or against fugitive slave act?

For - made it easier to recapture escaped slaves

__Uncle Tom’s Cabin__

a fiction novel written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe

The book told about life as a slave and was based upon accounts of escaped slaves that Stowe met

North for or against uncle toms cabin

for - helped Northerners see slavery not just as a political issue, but as a humane and moral issue

South for or against uncle toms cabin

against - felt it was an inaccurate way to show slavery - - a work of propaganda

Republican Party

formed in mid-1850s

made up of Northern Whigs, anti-slavery Democrats, abolitionists, and members of Free Soil Party

Goal = stop the spread of slavery into lands in the West \*said they would leave slavery alone in the states where it was

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a law passed by Congress in 1854 due to support from Senator Stephen Douglas (from IL)

Stephen Douglas

supported Kansas-Nebraska Act

Senator from IL

“Bleeding Kansas”

In 1855, Kansas held an election to decide if it would be a free or slave state 

KS had 3000 legal voters - - but about 8,000 votes were cast - - made the election results invalid due to voter fraud

John Brown  led a raid on a pro-slavery settlements at Pottawatomie Creek and killed 5 men and boys 

led to a mini Civil War in KS from 1855-1856; about 200 people were killed

North and South reactions after bleeding kansas

NORTH - for the election results

* claimed victory
* set up a FREE state capital / government for KS
* NOT a legal gov’t due to voter fraud

SOUTH - for the election results

* claimed victory
* set up a SLAVE state capital / government for KS
* NOT a legal gov’t due to voter fraud

*Dred Scott v. Sandford*

a Supreme Court case decided in 1857

Dred Scott

* a slave from MO who belonged to a U.S. Army doctor
* went with the doctor to IL and WI Territory, where slavery was illegal
* sued for his freedom
* believed that living in free territory made him free and gave him rights that were protected by the Constitution and Bill of Rights that cannot be taken away

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that:

* slaves were not made free by living on free lands
* slaves were property / had no rights
* Constitution protects right to own property - - included right of Southerners to own slaves 
* MO Compromise was unconstitutional because it violated the right to own property

NORTH - against SOUTH - for

John Brown

an immediatist (willing to die to end slavery) from CT - - led a raid on a pro-slavery settlements at Pottawatomie Creek and killed 5 men and boys

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Held in 1858 during an election in IL for U.S. Senate

Abraham Lincoln - a lawyer in IL - ran as a Republican

Stephen Douglas - was Senator running for re-election - was a Democrat

Douglass won re-election and remained IL’s Senator - - but Lincoln gained national support for taking on issue of slavery

North and South with Lincoln-Douglas Debates

North - FOR Lincoln

* Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery into Western lands
* Lincoln supported freedom and basic rights (but not full rights) for all African Americans

South - FOR Douglas

* Douglas supported the use of popular sovereignty for settling the slavery issue in the Western lands

Lincoln’s “House Divided” Speech

* Lincoln’s “House Divided” Speech - said U.S. could not remain divided by slavery - - showed Lincoln was a leader willing to take on issue of slavery

John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry

In 1859, Brown led an atack on U.S. gov’t arsenal in Harpers Ferry, VA

Plan = seize guns to arm slaves and lead them in a slave revolt to end slavery

Brown was stopped by U.S. Army, led by Col. Robert E. Lee

Brown was wounded, put on trial and found guilty of murder and treason - - was hung in Dec. 1859

NORTH - FOR SOUTH - AGAINST

Abraham Lincoln

Republican candidate in 1860 election

Ideas - stop the spread of slavery in the Western lands - - leave it alone where it was

NORTH supported him

Election of 1860 (candidates/parties/ideas)

**Abraham Lincoln** - Republican - levae slavery where it is - supported by North

**Stephen Douglas** - Northern Democrat - use popular sovereignty to solve slavery issue - some North support

**John Breckenridge** - Southern Democrat - supported spread of slavery - most of South especially deep South support

**John Bell** - Constitutional Union - protect slavery and keep nation together - upper south supprot

Secession reasons for and against

By Dec. 1860, Southern states began to secede

South Carolina - 1st to secede

South’s reasons FOR secession


1. Felt they had no voice in gov’t - - the President (from North) and Congress (controlled but North) were against them
2. Didn’t trust Lincoln - - believed he would abolish slavery

North’s reason AGAINST secession


1. Felt secession was unconstitutional (no rules in Const. for a state to leave the Union
2. Felt South was not following the rules of democracy just because they didn’t like the results of a “fair” election

C.S.A

formed in March 1861

President = Jefferson Davis

C.S.A

* created a flag


* wrote a Constitution (basically a copy of the U.S. constitution, but with a protection of slavery)
* began to seize U.S. gov’t property in the South

Lincoln’s first Inaugural Address

March 4, 1861

Main Ideas:


1. Reminded the South that he would not end slavery where it was
2. He WOULD enforce national laws to protect the Union and defend U.S. gov’t property
3. North / U.S gov’t would not attack the South
4. North and South should be friends, not enemies - - reminded people about their shared past (the Amer. Rev.) - - encouraged people to listen to the “better angles of nature”

Jefferson Davis

President of C.S.A.

Fort Sumter

Ft. Sumter = U.S. gov’t fort in harbor of Charleston, SC

Lincoln sent U.S. Navy ships with food (but not guns or soldiers) to resupply Ft. Sumter

C.S.A bombarded Ft.Sumter on April 12 - 13, 1861 - - the first shots pf U.S. Civil War

North’s advantages

* 110,000/130,000 facoties (85% of nation’s factories)
* 22 million people in 24 states (included 5 border states)
* more soldiers for army
* more workers to make supplies for army
* 71% of nation’s RR tracks
* more farmland for growing food
* more natural resources
* 90 war ships

South’s advantages

* 20,000/130,000 of nations factories
* 9 million in 11 states
* but 3.5 million enslaved
* 29% of nation’s rr tracks
* produced most of U.S. cotton
* 0 warships
* knew the land and got help from local people, since most of fighting was in the South
* better military leaders in the beginning

North’s strategy

* Andaconda plan
* Invade the South - attack Confed. Army - capture Richmond (new C.S.A capital)
* Keep the Border states in the Union

South’s strategy

Strategy had 2 parts

* Don’t loose - fight a defensive war to not be conquered by North
* Cotton diplomacy - - use “King Cotton” to gain Gr.Britain and France as allies who would trade war supplies to the South for cotton\*

\*This part of the plan failed due to record-setting cotton crop in 1860, which oversupplied Gr.Britain and France with cotton - - so they didn’t need to trade or become an ally with the South

Andaconda plan

idea of Gen. Winfield Scott - North would use its warships to:

* Blockade Southern ports to cut off trade (no cotton going out and no war supplies coming into South)
* Control Mississippi River to split the South

Border States

slave states that did not secede

* MO, KY, WV, MD, DE


1. had resoucres like coal, iron ore, food crops
2. had people (workers, soldiers)
3. surrounded Union capital (Washington, D.C.)

Cotton Diplomacy

Cotton diplomacy - - use “King Cotton” to gain Gr.Britain and France as allies who would trade war supplies to the South for cotton\*

First Battle of Bull Run

July 21, 1861 / Bull Run river north of Manassas, VA

North leader: Gen. Irvin McDowell

South Leader: Thomas Jackson / “Stonewall” Jackson

Won by: South

Who won The First Battle of Bull Run

South / C.S.A

Importance of First Battle of Bull Run

* 1st major battle of Civil war
* showed both N and S that the war would be long and bloody

Lincoln’s response to The First Battle of Bull Run

* called for 500,000 solderies to serve for 3 yrs
* fired Gen. McDowell and appointed Gen. McClellan to lead Union Army in East

Characteristics of soldiers

* most were volunteers at the start of the war with no military experience
* most were young men (18-30 yrs old)
* most were poor factory workers

Prison camps

* Prison camps for soldiers who were captured or surrendered were much worse than regular army camps (overcrowded / lack of food and shelter / diseases)
* Elmira, NY - about 24% of C.S.A. prisoners died
* Andersonville, GA - up to 100 Union prisoners died each day

During the Civil War, about 60,000 soldiers died in prison camps

Battle of Pea Ridge

March 7-8, 1862 / Pea Ridge, AR

North’s Leader: Brigadier General Samuel Ryan Curtis

South’s Leader: Major General Earl Van Don

What side won the Battle of Pea Ridge

North / Union

Importance of the Battle of Pea Ridge

* *Saved Missouri for the Union*
* The largest (# of soldiers) and longest (2 days) battle West of Mississippi River in the Civil War

Battle of Ironclads

THE BATTLE OF HAMPTON ROADS

March 8-9, 1862 / along the coast of VA, near Hampton Roads

North’s Ironclad: *U.S.S Monitor*

South Ironclad: *C.S.S Virginia* (had been the *U.S.S. Merrimack*)

It was a draw - - neither ship sank the other

Importance: 

* showed the future of naval warfare - - wooden warships were obsolete (useless / out of date)
* South - used ironclads against Union blockade
* North - used ironclads to gain control of Mississippi River

Battle of Shiloh

April 6, 1862 / Western Tennessee

North leader: Ulysses S. Grant

South’s leader: Albert S. Johnston

Won by the North but most sides suffered heavy casualties

Importance of the Battle of Shiloh

* South lost a good leader - - Gen. Albert Johnston was killed
* Confederate Army withdrew - gave Union more control over western TN
* Grant / Union gained control of parts of Mississippi River
* Union Admiral David Farragut and U.S. Navy captured New Orleans on April 26, 1862, and began moving up the MS River to meet with Grant’s Army

Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

Best General the Union had

Adm. David Farragut

A Union admiral who captured New Orleans on April 26, 1862 and began moving up the MS River to meet with Grant’s Army

Capture of New Orleans

was captured by Adm. David Farragut and the Navy on April 26, 1862 and they began moving up the MS River to meet with Grant’s Army.

Battle of Antietam

Septermber 17, 1862 / near Sharpsburg MD

North’s leader: Gen. George McClellan

South’s leader: Gen. Robert E. Lee

* Lee decided to invade the North:

Won by: North / Union

Importance of Battle of Antietam

* This day remains the bloodiest day in both the Civil War and U.S. history - - 26,000 Americans dead / wounded
* McClellan let Lee retreat / escape - - didn’t attack and fight off Lee to end the War - - Lincoln fired McClellan
* South didn’t gain Gr.Britain or France as allies
* Lincoln had a “victory” to give him credibillity as a wartime President, so that he could issue the Emancipation Proclamation

Civil War technologies / medical care

1. Ironclads (armor-plated warships)
2. Rifles with minie-ball bullets replaced muskets with rounded bullets - - increased distance and accuracy
3. Cannons began to fire canister (grape) shots
4. Observation balloon (with telegraphs) were used to located enemy soldiers

BUT, military tactics / strategies on battlefields didn’t change or adapt quickly to new weapons

\*Medical care didn’t keep up - - doctors struggled to treat the number and severity of soldier’s injuries

\-Amputation = most common treatment

\-Doctors spread infection a lot because they didn’t know much about bacteria or germs

RESULTS

New weapons + old military tactics + poor medical care = greater loss of life

African American soldiers

\*After Eman. Procl., Frederick Douglass met with Pres. Lincoln and convinced him to allow African Americans to join the Union Army

Conditions / Risk: faced the same problems as other soldiers, PLUS

* lower pay
* were segregated / served in all-black reguments lead by white officers
* were assigned the worst jobs in camps (cooks, servants)
* if captured by C.S.A, were re-enslaved or killed

Why did Lee want to invade the North

* wanted to give farmers in VA / South a break from war to harvest crops
* wanted to show C.S.A. could win the war, in hopes of gaining Gr. Britain and France as allies to get war supplies
* wanted to break the will on the North to fight by taking the war to the north

54th Mass. Infantry

fought bravely at Ft.Wagner in SC in 1863

Lincoln’s considerations for Emancipation Proclamation

He had to consider:

* Constitution didn’t give the power to free slaves to the President - he made a military decision as Commander-in-Cheif of U.S. Army / Navy
* Border states - ight secede if their slaves were freed
* What is free slaves went North? What would happen to 3.5 million mostly illiterate, unskilled, and homeless former slaves who wouldn’t be welcomed by all Northerners

Emancipation Proclamation

Went into effect Janurary 1, 1863

It freed slaves int he rebelling states (C.S.A)

Goal = to hurt South’s economy / war effort

Importance of Emancipation Proclamation

* It broadened the goals of the War - - no longer just a War to preserve the nation - - became a War to end slavery
* It gained more support for the War in North from abolitionists

Divisions caused by War in South

* People in South did not all support secession or War (especially in GA and NC) - - had peace demonstrations in 1863
* Some Southern states didn’t want to share their soldiers / resources with other states in the C.S.A

Divisions caused by War in North

* Not all Northerners supported Emancipation
* Some felt that South had the right to secede
* Some felt that Lincoln / Republicans forced the South into War

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the War and wanted peace

Habeas Corpus

protection against unlawful imprisonment - - the right of a person to go before a judge and be charge for a crime

Due Process

being charged with a crime; having a lawyer and trial with a jury of peers; being found guilty; THEN being sentenced to time in prison

Economic problems during the war

* both N and S had shortages of workers, which caused production to fall in factories and on farms - - led to shortages of supplies and food
* Both N and S printed to pay for War - - led to inflation - - South’s inflation rate with SIGNIFICANTLY higher
* North began an income tax to raise to help pay for the War - this helped keep the North’s inflation rate lower

Roles of Women during War

1. served as nurses to care for wounded soldiers
2. did laundry / cooked
3. served as spies for both sides
4. about 1,000 women disguised themselves as men so they could fight
5. ran businesses, farms and plantations; were teachers, factory workers, and gov’t workers

Showed the abilities of women as they stepped into men’s roles - - this led to mroe equality for women and more opprotunities

Clara Barton

an American Nurse who helped open the Red Cross branch in the U.S.. She helped many patients in their time of need and was nickanmed “Angel of the Battlefield”

Battle of Gettysburg

July 1-3 / Gettysburg, PA

North leader: Gen. George Meade

South’s Leaders: Robert E. Lee and George Pickett

* Lee’s 2nd invasion of the North

\- won by north

Lee’s reasoning for attacking the North at Gettysburg

* Trying to break the will of the North to fight


* Trying to gain Gr. Britain and France as allies to get supplies
* trying to raid the north for supplies (shoes)

Importance of Battle of Gettysburg

* 51,000 Americans killed / wounded in 3 days of battle
* Lee retreated July 4, 1863 - ended South’s last invasion of the North
* Meade let Lee escape - - didn’t attack to finish off Confed. Army to end the war

The Gettysburg Address

November 19, 1863 / Gettysburg PA

Main Ideas:

* Dedication of the cemetary at battlefeild to honor the dead soldiers
* reminder that Union needed to FINISH the War
* Called for people to be devoted for the causes that the soldiers have given their lives for
* preserve the Union
* to end slavery / bring freedom to all people
* to keep democracy / self-government alive

The Seige of Vicksburg

July 4, 1863 / Vicksburg, MS - fell to Union after seige

North’s Leaders: Ulysses S. Grant (with help from Farragut and Navy)

South’s leader: John Pemberton

won by north - - surrounded Vicksburg, cut off the city from supplies, and bombarded city with cannons for six weeks

Importance of Seige of Vickburg

* Gave union full control of the Mississippi River and divided the South
* Allowed Pres. Lincoln to put Gen. Grant in charge of Union Army in east to fight against Lee / South

March to the Sea

Fall 1864 / from Tn across GA

Norths Leader: William Recumseh Sherman

Won by North

* Sherman led Union army from TN thorugh GA (burnded Atlanta) to Atlantic Ocean - then turned North towards Lee’s Army in VA - - could not be stopped by Confed. Army


* Practiced Total War to break the will of the Southern people to fight - - helped bring war to an end

Total War

destroy EVERYTHING

Election of 1864

Candidates: Lincoln for re-election and Northern Democrats ran George McClellan (ex-Union general)

Lincoln won because of Gen.Sherman’s amrch to the sea and captured atlanta - - made it clear that Union would likely win the War

Appomattox Court House

In Virginia

Gen. Lee sreendered to Gen. Grant at the court house because Lee’s Army:

* was out of food and supplies
* was surrounded bu union army
* was outnumbered 5-1
* had no hope of resupply or reinforcements

Terms of surrender

* turn over weapons of war
* Grant fed them
* Sent them home with their personal property

That was the best way to rebuild good feelings and help reunite the U.S.

War costs ($$$)

* Estimated that N and S combined spent $20 billion on War
* South was destroyed economically
* cities were ruined
* 50% of farm equipment was lost / destroyed
* 40% of livestock was lost
* enslaved people were freed by emancipation proclamation

War costs (human)

* Around 3 million men and women served in the armies
* North = 2 million
* South = 1 million
* North = 360,000 dead (18% of soldiers)
* South = __260,000__ dead (26% of soldiers)
* 620,000 total Americans dead

plus about 500,000 wounded soldiers in total