November mocks

What is conformity?

A change in a person’s opinion or behavior as a response to real or imagined group pressure.

What are the three types of conformity?

Internalisation, identification, and compliance.

Define internalisation in terms of conformity.

A deep type of conformity involving a genuine change of private views to match those of the group.

What example illustrates internalisation?

Conversion to a new religion.

Define identification in conformity.

A moderate type of conformity involving changing one's behavior and opinions to those of a group to be part of it, even if disagreement exists.

Give an example of identification in conformity.

Wearing smart trousers at work to appear professional despite preferring jeans.

What is compliance in conformity?

A superficial type of conformity where one publicly agrees with a group but privately maintains their own opinions.

What is an example of compliance?

Smiling at someone's joke even if you didn't find it funny to avoid offending them.

What is normative social influence?

The desire to comply with the expectations of others to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

When is normative social influence likely to occur?

In situations with strangers or with friends where there is concern about rejection.

What is informational social influence?

Changing behaviors or ideas to be correct or aligned with others, especially when uncertain.

In what situations does informational social influence occur?

In ambiguous situations where the correct answer or behavior isn't clear.

How did Asch conduct his conformity studies?

Participants judged line lengths with confederates giving deliberately wrong answers.

What was Asch's key finding about conformity?

33% average conformity rate on critical trials; 75% conformed at least once.

What does group size refer to in the context of conformity?

The number of people in a majority group affecting the likelihood of conformity.

How does unanimity of the majority affect conformity?

Breaking group unanimity by introducing a dissenting answer reduces conformity rates.

What happens to conformity rates when task difficulty increases?

Conformity rates increase as the task becomes more ambiguous.

What explains the phenomenon of the agentic state in obedience?

A mental state where individuals see themselves as acting on behalf of an authority figure, relieving them of personal responsibility.

What is legitimacy of authority?

The recognition and acceptance of authority figures, often influenced by their social status or role.

How can uniforms influence obedience?

Uniforms increase the perceived legitimacy of the authority figure, making individuals more likely to obey.

What did Milgram find regarding proximity and obedience?

Obedience rates drop when participants must see and hear the distress of the victim, showing the impact of proximity.

What is the authoritarian personality according to Adorno?

A personality type characterized by high respect for authority, submission to it, and hostility towards inferiors.

How does childhood experience contribute to the authoritarian personality?

Harsh upbringing leads to repressed hostility that is displaced onto others perceived as weaker.

What did Adorno's research reveal about attitudes towards minorities?

Those with an authoritarian personality show contempt for those they view as weak and hold rigid stereotypes.

What does social support mean in resisting social influence?

The presence of a dissenter can reduce conformity or obedience, as it demonstrates resistance is possible.

What is locus of control?

A psychological concept that refers to how much individuals believe they can control events in their lives.

What is the multi-store model of memory?

A cognitive model proposing that memory consists of three stores: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Describe the sensory register.

The initial stage of memory that holds a vast amount of information for a very brief period.

What is the duration of short-term memory?

Approximately 18-30 seconds.

What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?

7 items plus or minus 2.

How is information coded in long-term memory?

Using semantic coding, which involves storing information based on its meaning.

What evidence supports the multi-store model?

Primacy and recency effects in word recall studies, suggesting distinct stores for short-term and long-term memory.

What is a key limitation of the multi-store model?

It oversimplifies short-term memory as a single store when evidence suggests it may consist of multiple types.

What are the three types of long-term memory?

Episodic, semantic, and procedural memory.

What is episodic memory?

Memory for personal experiences that are time-stamped and involve specific events.

What characterizes semantic memory?

Knowledge of facts and concepts that are not time-stamped.

What is procedural memory?

Memory for skills and tasks that can be performed automatically without conscious effort.

What is proactive interference?

When older memories interfere with the recall of newer memories.

What is retroactive interference?

When newer memories interfere with the recall of older memories.

What is retrieval failure in memory?

Failure to access memories due to the absence of the appropriate cues.

What is context-dependent forgetting?

The idea that recall is easier in the same environment where the information was initially learned.

What did Godden and Baddeley's experiment demonstrate?

Participants recalled words better in the same context (land or underwater) in which they learned them.

What is state-dependent forgetting?

Difficulty recalling information when in a different emotional or physiological state than when it was encoded.

What is learning theory in attachment?

Attachment is learned through classical and operant conditioning.

How does classical conditioning explain attachment formation?

Infants associate caregivers with the unconditioned stimulus of food, leading to attachment.

How is operant conditioning related to attachment?

Infants receive positive reinforcement from caregivers when they cry, encouraging attachment behavior.

What is Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment?

Attachment is an innate system crucial for survival, primarily formed with one primary caregiver.

What is the internal working model in Bowlby's theory?

A mental template formed from the primary attachment that influences future relationships.

What is the critical period for attachment according to Bowlby?

The first 2.5 years of life, during which attachment must develop for healthy emotional and social development.

What did Bowlby’s 44 Thieves study reveal?

A link between maternal deprivation and affectionless psychopathy in adolescents.

What was the aim of Rutter's Romanian orphan studies?

To assess the impact of good care on development after early institutional experiences.

What findings emerged from Rutter's study?

Younger orphans (under 6 months) showed better developmental outcomes than those adopted later.

What influence does attachment have on future relationships?

Early attachment experiences shape expectations and behaviors in later relationships.

How does Hazen and Shaver's love quiz relate attachment types to romantic relationships?

It shows secure attachments correlate with happier and longer romantic relationships.

What are the behavioral characteristics of phobias?

Panic responses, avoidance behaviors, and significant disruption of normal functioning.

What is the emotional characteristic of phobias?

Intense feelings of anxiety and unreasonable fear related to the phobic stimulus.

What cognitive characteristics are associated with phobias?

Irrational beliefs about the phobic stimulus and selective attention towards it.

What distinguishes depression as a mood disorder?

It can either be major depressive disorder (short-term) or persistent depressive disorder (long-term).

What behavioral symptoms are linked to depression?

Changes in sleep and eating patterns, low energy levels, and disrupted daily activities.

What emotional responses are often seen in depression?

Sadness, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, and sometimes anger.

What cognitive symptoms characterize OCD?

Persistent, intrusive obsessions and compulsive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety.

What is the two-process model in explaining phobias?

Phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning.

Describe systematic desensitization as a treatment for phobias.

Gradual exposure to the phobic stimulus while learning relaxation techniques.

What is flooding in treating phobias?

Immediate exposure to the phobic stimulus without gradual steps, aiming to alleviate fear.

Explain Ellis’ ABC model related to depression.

A model where A is the activating event, B is the belief about the event, and C is the emotional consequence.

What is Beck's negative triad?

A model indicating that depressed individuals have negative views of themselves, the world, and the future.

What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

A therapeutic approach aimed at changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors to improve mood.

What do behaviorists believe about the nature of humans?

Humans are born as a 'blank slate' and behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.

What is the role of classical conditioning in behaviorism?

Learning through association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

What exemplifies operant conditioning?

Learning through consequences, including reinforcement or punishment.

What is Bandura’s social learning theory?

Learning occurs through observing and imitating others, rather than through conditioning alone.

What are the four mediational processes in social learning?

Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation.

What was the outcome of Bandura's Bobo doll experiment?

Children imitated aggressive behavior when they observed adult models being rewarded.

What is the cognitive approach to psychology focused on?

Understanding internal mental processes and how they influence behavior.

What are schemas in cognitive psychology?

Frameworks of knowledge and beliefs used to interpret information.

What do theoretical models in cognitive psychology help with?

Explaining and inferring how mental processes work.

What is cognitive neuroscience?

The study of brain processes and structures as they relate to cognitive functions.

What is Freud's psychodynamic approach?

Emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences in shaping behavior.

What are defense mechanisms in psychodynamic theory?

Strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety caused by conflicts between the id and superego.

What is the significance of the id, ego, and superego?

They represent the three parts of personality that influence behavior.

What are Freud's psychosexual stages?

Stages of personality development where fixation can occur, influencing adult personality traits.

What did Freud's Little Hans study illustrate?

The Oedipus complex and the use of displacement as a defense mechanism.

What is the endocrine system?

A system of glands that secrete hormones for regulating bodily functions.

What role does adrenaline play in the fight or flight response?

It increases heart rate and prepares the body for immediate physical activity.

Explain localised function in the brain.

The idea that specific areas of the brain are responsible for specific functions.

What is Broca's area responsible for?

Speech production; damage leads to Broca's aphasia.

What is Wernicke's area associated with?

Language comprehension; damage leads to Wernicke's aphasia.

What is hemispheric lateralisation?

The notion that the two brain hemispheres have different functions.

What did Sperry's split-brain studies reveal?

How the two hemispheres communicate and process information differently.

What is brain plasticity?

The brain's ability to adapt and reorganise itself after injury or new learning.

What influences recovery from brain trauma?

Factors like age, gender, and intensity of rehabilitation can affect the extend and speed of recovery.